1. 1 The Oil Industry Produced by Peter Hollamby. This presentation includes Flash animations running within PowerPoint. For this to work the following will need to be installed on the PC: Macromedia Flash from www.macromedia.com/downloads/www.macromedia.com/downloads/ Swiff Player from www.globfx.com/products/swfplayer/www.globfx.com/products/swfplayer/ An avi format video clip is also included.

2. 2 Left-click the mouse once to start The Oil Industry

3. 3 It is composed of a very large mixture of hydrocarbons It was formed from the remains of sea animals and plants that died and were buried millions of years ago. Crude oil is a thick black viscous liquid that floats on water!

4. 4 C H H H H Hydrocarbon molecules only contain hydrogen and carbon atoms; the simplest hydrocarbon is methane, CH 4 Hydrocarbon molecules

5. 5 Oil refining involves the separation of these hydrocarbons into mixtures (‘fractions’) which are very important and extremely useful. They are separated by fractional distillation Liquids in a mixture can be separated if they have different boiling points. Because there are so many hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil, the fractions contain groups of molecules will similar molecular masses.

6. 6 GASES MOBILE LIQUIDS, VISCOUS LIQUIDS AND WAXY SOLIDS

7. 7 Fractional Distillation in the school laboratory Can you name the parts? ? ? ? ? ? ? Click on each question mark to reveal the answer or on the buttons to move on ignore this test

8. 8 ? ? ? thermometer ? ? next guess ignore this test

9. 9 ? ? ? ? thermometer pocket ? next guess ignore this test

10. 10 ? ? ? ? Liebig condenser ? next guess ignore this test

11. 11 ? ? ? ? Receiver adaptor ? next guess ignore this test

12. 12 ? ? ? ? fractionating column ? next guess ignore this test

13. 13 ? ? ? ? round bottomed flask ? next slidenext guess

14. 14 300 - 400 o C 25 - 100 o C The raw material (i.e. - Crude oil) is heated in a furnace and then passed into the lower part of the column The majority of the fractions in the oil are already in a gaseous state when they enter the column

15. 15 The hydrocarbon vapours rise quickly up the column until they reach the tray where the temperature is slightly below their boiling point. Here they condense and become a liquid again on the tray. This is how the different fractions are separated

16. 16 They are then drawn off by pipes from their respective trays. This is a continual process as more hot crude oil flows into the column Residue is left over and flows out of the bottom of the column. Each fraction has its own use. In the case of crude oil no fraction is wasted gases naphtha kerosene residue gasoline gas oil fuel oil

17. 17 The heaviest compounds fall to the bottom of the column. These compounds have the highest molecular masses and are the least volatile. The most volatile fractions. (i.e. - those with lowest boiling point) come out of the top of the column and are gases, as these have very low molecular masses (e.g. methane).

18. 18 Covering this hole is a piece of metal which prevents gases being forced up through the next tray, without first bubbling through some of the liquid which has collected in that tray. This is called a bubble cap. There is a hole in each tray in the fractionating column.

19. 19 Bubble cap The more volatile gases pass up the column and condense on plates at lower temperatures The fraction containing hydrocarbons with similar boiling points is drawn off Smaller molecules bubble through the condensing liquid Larger molecules enter the liquid phase as the gas condenses on the tray.

20. 20 To watch a movie on fractional distillation, click on the box below

21. 21 Fraction B. P. (Kelvin) Carbon atoms per molecule Uses Gases < 313 1-4 Domestic fuel (Bottled gas), motor fuel (LPG) Light Gasoline 313-373 5-6 Petrol Naphtha 373-433 7-10 Petrol, white spirit. “Cracked” to make ethene Kerosene 433-523 11-16 Jet fuel, paraffin Gas Oil 523-623 17-25 Diesel, central heating oil, cracked to make petrol and various alkenes Residue > 623 > 25 Lubricants, waxes, greases, bitumen for roads, fuel for ships and power stations. Uses of the products

22. 22 fractions gas oil contains diesel oil gasoline contains petrol kerosene contains aviation fuel Naphtha, the starting point for many other chemicals residue contains tar, lubricating oil gases contain methane, propane

23. 23 some products obtained from the fractions camping gaspetroldomestic heating fuel aviation fuelindustrial heating oil diesel oilfuel oillubricating oil plasticsBitumen, tar wax

24. 24 Distillation columns Click on the links below to go to some useful web-sites for fractional distillation and related topics. Then press F11 to set “full screen”. Photo - Chris Grossman Oil rig www.schoolscience.co.uk/petroleum/ www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/chemistry/fossils/p8.html www.dit.ie/DIT/science/chemistry/rsccomp/competition00/distillation/topframe.html http://chemistry.about.com/cs/howthingswork/a/aa070401a.htm All web links checked Oct 2004