1. LEADERSHIP Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills 11 th Edition David W. Johnson Frank P. Johnson

2. Johnson. Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5-2 What Makes a Leader a Leader? What is a leader? What is leadership? Who do you think of when hearing the word “leader”? What makes a leader a leader? Genetic traits? Style of leadership? Ability to influence others? Occupation of position of authority? Ability to provide helpful behaviors in diverse situations?

3. Johnson. Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5-3 Theories of Leadership Trait theories Leadership styles Influence theory of leadership Role position theory of leadership Situational theories of leadership Organizational leadership

4. Johnson. Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5-4 Trait Theories of Leadership Leaders are born, not made. “Great man/woman” Which traits are essential for leadership? Findings: intelligence, initiative, sense of humor, extroversion, personal adjustment, etc. BUT little predictive or diagnostic value Problems with the trait theory: Unlimited number of traits can be identified Different traits are needed under different conditions “great leaders” are identified after the fact (not predicted)

5. Johnson. Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5-5 Charismatic and Machiavellian Leaders Charismatic leaders have: An extraordinary vision they are able to communicate well Unusual power of leadership Sense of mission, a belief in the social change movement they lead Self-confidence Machiavellian leaders believe: People are basically weak, fallible, and gullible and not really trustworthy Others are impersonal objects One should manipulate others when necessary in order to achieve one’s goals

6. Johnson. Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5-6 Leadership Styles Lewin, Lippitt, and White (1939)’s classic study on the relationship between leadership style and productivity Unlimited number of styles can be identified Different styles of leadership may be effective under different circumstances

7. Johnson. Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5-7 Influence Theory of Leadership Leader: a group member exerting more influence on other group members than they exert on him Reciprocal role relationship between leaders and followers

8. Johnson. Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5-8 Role Position Approach to Leadership Leader: a person who holds a position of authority Problems: Unclear how someone gets into a leadership position Leaders don’t always display leadership behaviors, and subordinates often engage in leadership actions Subordinates will be influenced by outsiders

9. Johnson. Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5-9 Situational Theories of Leadership The distributed actions theory of leadership Any group member may become a leader by taking action to help the group Any leadership action can be fulfilled by different members Leadership is specific to a particular group in a particular situation Interaction - Process Analysis Fiedler’s Situational Theory of Leadership

10. Johnson. Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5-10 Organizational Leadership Challenge the status quo Inspire a clear mutual vision Empower members through cooperative teamwork Lead by example Encourage the hearts of group members to persist

11. Johnson. Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills, 11e. © 2013, 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 5-11 Summary Small group leadership has been conceptualized in lots of different ways Organizational leadership involves challenging the status quo, inspiring a mutual vision, empowering members through teams, leading by example, and by encouraging the heart Leadership and participation need to be distributed among all group members Higher productivity (the resources of all members are used) Commitment to implementing the group decisions Satisfaction with group membership