1. Athens & Sparta 3 Social Classes: 1.Equals: descended from the invaders, controlled Sparta 2.Half-Citizens: Free, paid taxes, and served in the army but had no political power, some farmed but others worked in the city as traders or artisans 3.Helots: slaves, greatly outnumbered the other groups so Spartans used force to control them in large part this is why Sparta became a military city - state

2. Spartan Government Two kings led Sparta: 1 king handled military – 1 king – democratic matters A council of Elders: made up of 28 male citizens – over 60 – proposed laws and criminal court An Assembly: All male citizens over 30; 5 ephors – made kings stay within the law; Elected for 1 year; controlled education

3. Sparta’s Military Society Goal – make every male citizen part of military machine Military worked to expand Sparta – control helots Group of officials examined new born babies & those deemed unhealthy were left to die At 7 boys left home – live in barracks Military training – learned to read & write Age 18 – 20 – learned about warfare Age 20 could marry – lived in barracks until 30 Available for military service until 60

4. Sparta Continued Spartan Women: Received strict physical training – devoted to city – state; best value produce Spartan soldiers Results of Military Society: strong government - Almost unbeatable Army – no individual freedom – no achievements

5. Athenian Society 3 Class groups: Citizens – all born in Athens – only men political rights Metics – born outside Athens – free – had to pay taxes – no political rights – could not own land Slaves – captured in war, slaves and metics made up more than half of Athenian Society

6. Early Athenian Government After monarchy ended – aristocracy took its place All Adult male citizens met in an assembly; elected general in time of war; elected 9 archons (rulers 1 year term) First written code created around 621 Solon (archon in 594 B.C.) Outlawed selling people into slavery to pay their debt Divided citizens into 4 groups based on wealth: wealthiest 2 could hold office

7. Greek Philosophers SocratesPlatoAristotle Developed Socratic method, whereby a series Emphasized importance of reason Favored rule by single strong and virtuous leaders of questions are posed inBelieved the ideal stateTaught that good conduct order to challengeShould regulate everymeant pursuing implications of answersAspect of citizen’s lives toModeration. Provide for their best interest