1. The Berlin Crisis A divided city

2. Germany divided: West Berlin in the East!

3. Problems with West Berlin REFUGEES: KHRUSHCHEV’S CHALLENGE:

4. Refugees People had more freedom in West Germany than in East Germany, so many people moved west. Between 1949-1961m 2.7 million East Berliners escaped to the West. The problem was that East Germany then lost many young, skilled workers Most people escaped through Berlin, as this was the easiest place to cross

5. KHRUSHCHEV’S CHALLENGE KHRUSHCHEV’S CHALLENGE: He demanded that the whole city of Berlin should belong to the East and that the USA should withdraw their troops. EISENHOWER did not want to lose West Berlin, but he didn’t want to start another world war! So they agree to hold an internationl summit (meeting).

6. International Summits Khrushchev and Eisenhower meet in Geneva and then at Camp David in 1959 but can’t reach an agreement This created a bad atmosphere for the 1960 Paris Summit. Khrushchev walked out of the summit on day 1 over the U2 incident! 1961 summit in Geneva, President Kennedy refused to withdraw US troops from West Berlin and started to prepare for war $3.2 billion on defense spending and $207 million on nuclear fallout shelters THE U2 INCIDENT: May 1960 the USSR shot down and captured a US U2 spy plane over Berlin. Eisenhower claimed the plane was studying the weather, but Khrushchev produced the pilot (Gary Powers) who confessed to spying!

7. The Berlin Wall Khrushchev knew that he could not defeat the USA in a nuclear war, so he could not force the Americans to leave West Berlin, but… He could stop people leaving East Berlin to live in the West. During the night of 12th August 1961, East German troops built a wall around West Berlin!

8. The Berlin Wall ‘It’s not a very nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war!’ - Kennedy

9. Effects of the Berlin Wall 1.Stoped east germans escaping to the west and ended the refugee crisis 2.Allowed Khrushchev to avoid war with America whilst still looking strong 3.The wall became a powerful symbol of the division of Germany and Europe (think back to Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtian’ speech)

10. Kennedy’s visit to Berlin: 1963 ‘All free men, wherever they live, are citizens of Berlin and therefore as a free man, I take pride in the words Ich bin ein Beliner!’

11. Summary activity Using Mrs O’Connell’s cartoon as your starting point, complete the events of the Berlin crisis and the building of the Berlin Wall in cartoon form….

12. Read the statements on p93. and copy them into one of the following two lists: For each group decide which cause/consequence was the most important and write a sentence explaining why. Causes of building the Berlin WallEffects of Building the Berlin Wall

13. Exam practice Why did the USSR build the Berlin Wall in 1961? Explain your answer. (8 points) Paragraph 1: POINT – give one reason why the Wall was built EVIDENCE – give details of the reason EXPLAIN - Explain why building the wall solved this problem Paragraph 2: POINT – give one reason why the Wall was built EVIDENCE – give details of the reason EXPLAIN - Explain why building the wall solved this problem Conclusion:LINK your two points together