1. Berlin Crises
(1948-9, )

2. What caused the war, conflict or dispute?
What was the style of war, conflict or dispute?
What were the types of settlements which concluded the war, conflict, dispute? 

3. USA East Berlin/ USSR supply air lift showed determination
West German blockade
free food/ food rations > denied 
East Berlin/ USSR

4. Soviet offense: German Blockade
Results: divided Germany, cont'd 4-power control, NATO 
FRG (Federal Republic of Germany)
GDR (German Democratic Republic)
4-power continued 
NATO
West Germany in NATO
Warsaw Pact  

5. More unified Western nations
End of 1949
Germany would not reunite - Soviets did not recognize Allied nations (visa versa) 
No peacetime policy for USA - Marshall Plan (economically), NATO (militarily) 
No formal peace treaty with Germany - no formalized borders, Poland in danger
More unified Western nations 

6. Nuclear arms race 
West Berliners encouraged East Berliners to escape their hardships 
one sixth of Germany moved to west Berlin 

7. dispute was only restricted to the borders of Germany
However, there were conferences that took place outside of Germany (Geneva, Paris, US)  
Kennedy wanted to continue and expand work of CIA
There was the use of spies as espionage continued 
refugees 

8. What is the message of this political cartoon?

9. " We intend to have a wider choice than humiliation or an all-out nuclear war"  - JFK 

10. This cartoon of 14 July 1948 by EH Shepard for the British magazine Punch shows Stalin watching as storks fly coal and food into Berlin.
This cartoon by the British cartoonist Illingworth appeared in the Daily Mail on 9 September 1948. 

11. 3.
WHAT WERE THE TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS WHICH CONCLUDED THE WAR, CONFLICT, DISPUTE?

12. Measure of Victory
Victory measured by how willing the other side would make concessions
US & Western Allies
USSR
Berlin Airlift- 1.5million tons of supplies
Berlin Wall- stopped 200,000 people leaving each year
Reform currency of the three zones to accelerate economic recovery
Berlin Ultimatum

13. Major Players
First Berlin Crisis
Second Berlin Crisis

14. Result of Berlin Crisis
Stalin embarrassed
Stalin lifts blockade
Allied Success I
Negotiation deadlocked
Stalin’s permission for Berlin Wall
Stalemate II

15. Second Berlin Crisis Camp David Sept 1959
Eisenhower invited Khrushchev for talks
Khrushchev withdrew ultimatum
Paris Summit May 1960
Soviet missile shot down US U-2 spy plane
Eisenhower refused to apologize, summit cancelled
Vienna Summit
June 1961
First meeting b/w Kennedy & Khrushchev- failure
No progress in negotiations

16. BERLIN WALL Second Berlin Crisis
Aug 3-5- barbed wire fence erected
June- Khrushchev gives permission to prepare for physical division of Berlin
Number of refugees increased to over 20,000 a month– double the rate of 1950s
Aug 13- complete Berlin wall
Re-imposes 6-month deadline for West Berlin to become an international demilitarized zone
West did not react to barbed wires
BERLIN WALL

17. The United Nations
“a threat to the peace within the meaning of Chapter VII of the Charter”
Oct 4- Berlin question debated in Security Council
Oct 5- resolution was voted 9:2 in favour of raising all restrictions on traffic to Berlin
Oct 25- vote for resolution- USSR vetoed
Preoccupation with other issues
May 4, agreement signed to lift blockade

18. First Berlin Crisis (1948-1949) Second Berlin Crisis (1958-1961)
Result of the Crises
First Berlin Crisis ( )
Second Berlin Crisis ( )
Allied Success
Stalemate
Stalin
The Allies
Berlin Wall
Embarrassed
Germany became more pro-Western
stopped flow of refugees from East to West
Lifted Berlin Blockade
Sped up formation of FRG/GDR
Consolidated Communist control over East Germany
Formed NATO in April 1949
Threat of immediate war disappeared

19. The Final Result Stable US was against it but didn’t protest it
Improved East Germany’s economy
US was against it but didn’t protest it
No longer hot spot for war