1. THE CRISIS AND REBIRTH OF EUROPE
Ch. 13

2. Little Ice Age
Beginning of the Fourteenth Century --The Little Ice Age.
What effect will this have on the people of Europe?

3. The Black Death Black Death (Yersinia pestis) Fun Facts!
Killed from million people in four years
Population decreased by percent.
Forms included:
Bubonic plague (most common form. )
Pneumonic plague
Why were rats such a problem?
Cities disappeared in Germany and England.
Recurring epidemics and 1369
Population rebounds: 1490s
Full recovery: 1550s

4. Spread of Plague Plague started in Asia.
What spreads it westward?
Trading Caravans bring it to Caffa on the Black Sea in 1346
Italian merchants bring it from Caffa to Sicily in 1347.
Spread quickly through Europe from there.

6. Social Consequences Popular explanations for plague? Flagellants
Jewish persecutions
Persecuted in Spain
Worst pogroms in Germany.
Many Jews fled east to Poland and Russia, where the monarchs agreed to protect them.

7. Economic and Social Upheaval
Trade declined and some industries suffered greatly.
Nobles hit hard.
Why does the plague hurt the nobles economically?
Peasants benefited.
Why does the plague help the peasants economically?
How will the nobles attempt to re-establish control?

8. Peasant Revolts 1358 Jacquerie. Northern France.
1381 English peasant revolt.
Causes:
How do higher wages contribute to the revolts?
King imposed a poll tax. How did this contribute?
Uprising killed many nobles.
Law of Rising Expectations
What is the long-term effect of these revolts on European society?

9. Economic Recovery 15th century Europe gradually recovered
Manufacturing and trade increased.
Italian merchants trading throughout the Med. Also trading with European Atlantic seaboard.
England and Flanders.
Hanseatic League—Northern Germany.
Flanders becomes an economic crossroads

10. New Industry Industries Banking-
Woolen industries of Flanders and northern Italian states bounced back strongly in the 15th Century.
Italian cities develop luxury goods—glass, silks, metal works.
Development of capital and rise in wealth of merchant class.
Banking-
Florence
Medici family
Cosimo de’Medici

11. The Hundred Years War
In the 13th Century, English still retained one small possession in France—Duchy of Gascony.
1337 French king, Philip VI, seized Gascony.
Edward III declares war on France.
Edward III is the son of Edward II and a French princess: Salic descent

12. End of Knights French army dominated by knights.
Foot soldiers had cross-bows
Why are English foot soldiers more effective than French?
Longbows vs crossbow
Crecy (1346): Knights no longer effective in “modern” war
First use of rudimentary cannon.

14. Battle of Poitiers Battle of Poitiers: 1356
English archers decimate the French cavalry.
King Jean II of France captured
A decisive win for England, but does not win the overall war.
Why not?
War continues on and off for the next 50 years. Then a 20-year truce in 1396

15. Battle of Agincourt Henry V—English king renews the war in 1415.
Heavily armored French knights attempted to attack across a muddy field and are badly defeated.
Loss of 1500 French nobles.
Henry forges an alliance with the Duke of Burgundy, making the English masters of northern France.
March to the walls of Paris.

17. Joan of Arc Convinces Charles to let her fight with army.
Helps lead French to victory at Orleans.
French start pushing back the English
How does this change the fortunes of King Charles VII?
Joan is captured; given to Inquisition
Tried for witchcraft; burned in 1431.
Joan of Arc at the Siege of Orléans by Jules Eugène Lenepveu, painted 1886–1890

18. The New Monarchies Feudal system was breaking down in 14th Century.
Kings need nobles less. Why?
What has the chronic warfare taught people about kings vs. nobles?
New Monarchies—
middle of the 15th Century monarchs had a resurgence of power
began to consolidate their strength
gain clear superiority over nobles.

19. What effects does the Hundred Years’ War have on France?
New Monarchies France
What effects does the Hundred Years’ War have on France?
Economically?
Psychologically?
Politically?
Louis XI was key to beginning the creation of strong French territorial state.
What did he do…
To consolidate his power?
To break the power of rivals?

20. New Monarchies England
After the war, England experienced a civil war. Wars of the Roses.
Defeat of Richard III of Lancaster by a coalition of nobles.
Henry VII: Tudor dynasty.
He strengthened the monarchy and reduced dissent from the nobles. How…
Did he break his rivals’ power?
Did he use taxes to remain popular?
Compare Henry VII’s and Louis XI’s methods of statecraft.

21. 14th Century: Spanish started pushing out the Moors.
New Monarchies Spain
14th Century: Spanish started pushing out the Moors.
Iberian Peninsula divided between several different Kingdoms.
What is the overall strategic picture?

22. Not a political merger. Each maintained separate governments.
New Monarchies Spain
Major step toward unified Spain --marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile.
Not a political merger. Each maintained separate governments.
Worked together to strengthen the power of the monarchy. How…
Did they break the power of nobility?
Did they secure the kingdoms against rebellion and invasion?

23. New Monarchies Spain—Control of Church
How and why do Ferdinand and Isabella get control of the Spanish Catholic Church?
Impose strict religious uniformity. Inquisition
In 1492 expel all practicing Jews: 150,000 to 200,000.
Also expelled all professing Muslims

24. New Monarchies Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire failed to develop a strong central Monarchy.
Virtually independent states in loose confederation.
Princes and high nobles—Saxony, Bavaria
Free city-states—Nuremberg
Ecclesiastical states—church lands headed by high church officials.
How do the Hapsburgs attain power?

25. Holy Roman Empire

26. New Monarchies Eastern Europe
Suffered from racial and religious tensions
Slavs vs. European. Orthodox vs. Catholic.
Poland
End of the 15th century the king weakened and nobles seize control. Why?
“You don’t vote for kings!” Why not?

27. How did the Grand Princes of Moscow attain power?
New Monarchies Russia
Russia had been under domination of Mongols since the thirteenth century.
How did the Grand Princes of Moscow attain power?
Ivan III’s (late 1400s) new Russian state is born by annexing other principalities.
Mongols defied:1480.

28. Ottoman Turks
During the late middle ages Eastern Europe was increasingly threatened by the Ottoman Turks.
Byzantine empire had acted as a buffer, but it finally dies in 1453.
Threatens Vienna. Why no Crusade?

29. Italian States
Italian states never coalesced into a country. No central king. Many territories controlled by outside powers.
Kingdom of Naples (French house of Anjou)
Sicily (Spanish house of Aragon)
Papal States.
Three large independent states
Venice—very stable and very rich from trade.
Milan—Northwest Italy. Also very rich from trade
Florence—Dominated by small, wealthy merchant oligarchy. Medici family was the real power.

30. Italian states were cultural centers.
Renaissance hit here first.
Where does the money for Renaissance art come from? Why is it spent on art?
Women had comparatively much more influence in politics than elsewhere. Why?

31. Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
Niccolo Machiavelli --one of the first political scientists.
Had been a diplomat for the Republic of Florence.
What happened?
Thoughts on The Prince?
His basic thesis?
The use of power is an amoral thing.
Duty of the ruler is to act for the good of the state as a whole by maintaining order.
Humans driven by fear of consequences and desire for gain. Self-centered. Thus, ruling based on Christian principles is ineffective.
Must rule by imposing fear or using inducements.
Nice guys finish last; ends justify the means

32. The Decline Of The Church
The Power of Pope began a slow decline after 13th Century.
Effect of meddling in secular affairs?
On Kings?
On People?
Pope Boniface VIII vs. Phillip IV of France
Unam Sanctum
How does Phillip move against Boniface?
Clement V
Moves the Pope’s residence to Avignon, under the sway of France.
Why does this undermine the power and authority of the Pope?

33. The Papacy at Avignon (1305-1378) and The Great Schism
Gregory XI
Urban VI
Clement VII
Great Schism badly damaged the faith of Christian believers
Council of Constance (1414)

34. The Problems of Heresy and Reform
These problems with the church led to renewed calls for reform.
The Hussite rebellion. What happened to John Hus and what did he do?
Led to 20 years of uprisings in Bohemia.

35. Council of Constance
Council tries to deal with the excessive power of the Papacy by passing two resolutions.
First created a general council superior to the Pope.
Second called for regular meetings of the general council to maintain an ongoing reform of the church.
What is the problem?
By mid 1400s Popes have regained their supremacy over the Church.
But what power have they lost?

36. The Renaissance Papacy
Refers to the Popes after great Schism and before the Reformation (early 1500s).
What response do the Popes make to their loss of temporal authority?
Julius II: The Warrior Pope
Popes were very active patrons of the Renaissance.
St. Peter’s Basilica

37. Renaissance Renaissance—Means rebirth.
Late 14th and 15th century is a rebirth of culture, art and secular intellectual activity.
Started in different places at different time.
Is a gradual process.
Starts first in Italy and spreads from there.

38. Renaissance Characteristics of the Renaissance:
Urban; fueled by new wealth
Secular
Return to antiquity
emphasis on individual
Elitist

39. RENAISSANCE SOCIETY Changes in the Medieval Classes. The Nobility
First estate—Clergy—keepers of men’s souls
Second estate—Nobility.
Third estate—Peasants and townspeople.
The Nobility
The nobility face declining incomes, but keeps its strong hold on society and government.
2 – 3% of the population.
How does the nature of the nobility change?
Courtiers.
The Book of the Courtier, by Castiglione

40. Commoners: Peasants and Townspeople
(Peasants) made up the overwhelming majority of the third estate % of the total European population in most areas.
Because of plague fewer in serfdom.
More serfdom in Eastern Europe and Russia.
People of the towns and cities.
Merchants, artisans and others in the merchant class.
Patricians. Wealth allowed them to dominate their communities.
Petty burghers and shopkeepers, artisans and guildsmen.
Propertyless workers percent of city population; lived in or near poverty.

41. Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy
In Renaissance Italy the family was an important source of economic security.
Marrying well was of vital importance. Forged alliances
Marriage contracts.
Dowry.
paterfamilias
Role of Wife
Maternal death rate
Infant mortality

42. Humanism Define: Humanism
Focus on the study of “humanities” or “liberal arts”
Petrarch—father of Italian Renaissance ( )
Civic Humanism
Emerged in Florence but soon spread to other Italian cities and beyond.
Humanists serve as councilors, advisors and chancellors.
Humanists revived interest in classic Greek scholars

43. Humanism and Philosophy
What does humanism emphasize?
Compare with scholasticism
Second half of the 15th Century a dramatic upsurge in interest in Plato.
Renaissance Hermeticism
The Development of Vernacular Literature
Dante
Christine de Pisan

44. The Impact of Printing
Development of printing was critical to the spread of Renaissance ideas.
One of the most significant developments in human history.
intellectual critical mass
preserved for later scholars.
Johannes Gutenberg
Movable type
Gutenberg’s Bible