1. Chapter 10 Section 2

2.  What do we already know about Sparta?

3.  Dominated by the Military  Lycurgus created society ~900 BCE-600 BCE ◦ Military emphasis was to prevent slave revolts ◦ How do you make a city-state secure and protect it? ◦ Spartan Answer: Military Power ◦ Daily life reflected this emphasis ◦ Discipline, obedience, Courage

4.  Serve in the army  Newborns: examined for health ◦ Healthy-future soldier ◦ Unhealthy-abandoned  Age 7: boys taken by the state for mandatory training (agoge)  Spartan men would serve in the military until age 60

5.  Age 7-21 (like boot camp for 14 years)  Goal: teach stealth, loyalty to Sparta, military training, hunting, dancing, ability to live with hardship to future Spartan citizens  Boys: run, jump, swim, throw javelins (create basic strength and endurance) ◦ Hardships-no shoes or heavy clothes, minimal food (why?) ◦ Encouraged to steal, but if caught they were severely punished  Once older: emphasis placed on weapons, phalanx, boxing, wrestling

6.  ~age 21 Spartans became a part of the Spartan army “walls of Sparta”  Lived in barracks until ~age 30, even if married- little interaction with family (why?)  Age 30: became a member of the assembly and lived with family  Self-discipline: necessary for soldiers ◦ Reinforce this-tough lives, no luxuries  Comforts make you weak  Simple food and furniture (bare necessities)  Admired by their enemies for discipline

7.  More rights and authority than other Greek women ◦ Spartan men-away at war  Women stepped up to rule and manage Sparta  Some women owned land  Physical training: ◦ run, jump, wrestle, gymnastics ◦ Create healthy offspring ◦ Different clothing expectations  Most Greek women were expected to make cloth ◦ Spartan women did not-job of slaves: beneath wives and mothers of soldiers

8.  Government:  Two kings-led army  Elected officials (assembly) ◦ Ran day to day stuff, diplomacy  Who does everything else?  Helots-slaves ◦ Grew food and performed all tasks that were “beneath” Spartan citizens ◦ Conquered peoples ◦ Outnumbered Spartans 20:1 ◦ Feared the army ◦ Made the Spartan society possible

9. “Reading and writing they gave them, just enough to serve their turn; their chief care was to make them good subjects, and to teach them to endure pain and conquer in battle.” -Plutarch

10.  What do we already know about Athens?

11.  Birth of democracy  Sparta’s rival  Leader vs Persians  Powerful Army  Valued: physical training, education, clear thinking, the arts

12.  Boys-physical (run, jump, fight) and academic education ◦ Not as harsh as Spartans  All Athenian men served in army- age 18-20 (defend city) ◦ After age 20-only in times of war ◦ Age 60-exempt  Eligible for more formal education ◦ Dependent on what?

13. Wealthy  Read, write, count, sing, play music  Greek history, legends: Illiad and Odyssey  Private tutors ◦ Philosophy ◦ Geometry ◦ Astronomy ◦ Public speaking (Why?) Poor  Read, write, count (maybe)  Farmers ◦ Grow food for the rich  Tradesmen and craftspeople

14.  Education: minimal (possibly private tutors) ◦ Weaving & sewing  Lack of rights ◦ No part in government  (assembly or jury) ◦ Confined to home  Except special occasions ◦ Could not own property ◦ Strict obedience  To husband and father

15.  Greco-Persian wars: Allies (common enemy) ◦ After- became rivals (expansion of Athenian power)

16.  After Persian Wars: Athens continued protection from Persian Navy ◦ Expanded influence  Many city-states formed alliance ◦ Delian League ◦ Punish Persians, defense, protect trade  Taxed-to pay for goals of Alliance (stored on Delos)  Athens (strongest) ◦ Turned alliance into an Athenian empire ◦ Expanded, misused taxes

17.  Alliance of city-states on the Peloponnesus ◦ Led by Sparta  Concerned by Athens’ power  431 BCE-Sparta declared war on Athens to stop Athenian expansion

19.  Phase 1 ◦ Spartans besieged Athens & burned crops surrounding the city (why?) ◦ Athenian navy  Brought food and supplies into Athens  Attacked Sparta’s allies throughout Greece ◦ Sparta divided army to protect allies ◦ Disease spread through Athens ◦ 10 years later-Truce  Athens kept empire  Spartans returned home

20.  Phase 2 ◦ 415 BCE-Athens attempted to conquer Sicily  Sicilian forces destroyed Athenian army and most of the navy ◦ Sparta saw opportunity  Attacked Athens  Cut off supplies to Athens (why successful this time?) ◦ Athens surrendered 404 BCE  Sparta wins Peloponnesian War

21.  Sparta-most powerful city-state in Greece ◦ Rule Greece for 30 years  Other city-states resent Spartan rule  Period of war amongst city-states  Greece became vulnerable to outside threats