1. Chapters 14 & 15

2.  A gerund is a verb (or verb phrase) that is used in the same way as a noun in a sentence.  Gerunds ALWAYS end in –ing, but not every verb ending in –ing is acting as a gerund.

3.  You can use gerunds as:  Subjects/subject phrases  Adverb phrases  Objects of prepositional phrases  Objects of verbs

4.  I am running (present cont. verb – notice the helping verb *am*)  Running is fun. (Running = gerund, no helping verb)  Playing tennis is fun. (Playing tennis = gerund phrase; used as subject)  He loves playing tennis. (used as object)  He is excited about playing tennis. (used as object of preposition)

5.  A preposition is a word which precedes a noun (or a pronoun) to show the noun’s (or pronoun’s) relationship to another word in the sentence.  The cat is sitting on the TV.  The word preposition comes from the idea of being positioned before. It is not true to say that a preposition always precedes a noun or a pronoun, but it does most of the time.

6.  Aren’t sure a word or phrase is a preposition?  Try to tack “the tree” onto the end of it.  If it makes sense, then the word or phrase is a preposition  Examples:  In “the tree”  Around “the tree”  Without “the tree”  Instead of “the tree”

7.  Every prepositional phrase requires an object. A gerund is frequently used for the object.  You should work towards becoming a good student.  Sue is in charge of organizing the meeting.  I’m interested in learning about your work.

8.  When a gerund is used with “to” as the preposition, it can be confused with an infinitive. However, it is NOT!!!  I’m used to sleeping with the window open.  I look forward to going home next month.  To make it negative, the not goes in front of the gerund:  I am looking forward to not getting up early on Saturday.  See p. 302 for a list of common preposition combinations followed by gerunds.

9.  Complete Exercises 3, 4, and 5, p. 302-304

10.  Gerunds are used as objects with certain verbs. For some of these verbs, it is incorrect to use an infinitive:  I enjoy playing tennis. VS. I enjoy to play tennis.  See p. 307 for a list of “gerund only” verbs.  Some phrasal verbs are also followed by gerunds (see p. 307):  Joe gave up smoking.  I will keep on working until it is time to go home.

11.  Complete Exercise 14, p. 308  Complete Exercise 12, p. 307

12.  GO is followed by a gerund in some expressions, usually recreational activities (see p. 309 for a list):  Did you go shopping?  We went fishing yesterday.  I go swimming every morning.

13.  Complete Exercise 16, p. 309  Complete Exercise 17 (Listening)

14.  Gerunds follow certain special expressions:  Have fun/a good time-We had fun playing volleyball.  Have trouble/difficulty-I had trouble finding his house.  Have a hard/difficult time-She is having a difficult time driving to work.  Spend time/money-Sam spends most of his time studying.  Waste time/money-I wasted a lot of time last night watching TV.

15.  Sit + place-She sat at her desk writing a letter.  Stand + place-I stood there wondering what to do.  Lie + Place-He is lying in bed reading a novel.  Find + Noun/Pronoun-I found him watching TV.  Catch + Noun/Pronoun-I caught him watching TV.

17.  We’re going to Hawaii on vacation next month. I’m really looking forward to _____________ (take) it easy for a change.

18.  I want to spend some time ___________(learn) how to use a surfboard.

19.  She wasn’t used to __________(speak) with people in English.

20.  Now she has no trouble __________(make) herself understood when she wants to.

21.  You can shop at home instead of __________ (go) to a store.

22.  You can buy whatever you need just by __________(click) a mouse!

23.  Kevin’s car wasn’t running very well. He was having trouble __________ (start) it.

24.  In the end, he wound up ________ (give) it to a friend.

25.  Complete Exercise 20, p. 311  Complete Exercise 23 (questions only), p. 312

26.  Infinitive = To + Base Form of Verb  Negative Form = NOT + To + Base Form of Verb  Some verbs are followed immediately by the infinitive:  I hope to see you later.  He promised to be there.  He promised not to be late.

27.  Some common verbs followed by infinitives:  Hope to  Plan to  Agree to  Offer to  Want to  (see p. 313 for a longer list)

28.  Some verbs (p. 313) are followed by a noun/pronoun object and then an infinitive:  Verb + Object + Infinitive  Mr. Lee told me to be here at 10:00 p.m.  The police ordered the driver to stop.  In the passive form, these verbs are followed immediately by the infinitive:  I was told to be here at 10:00 p.m.  The driver was ordered to stop.

29.  Some verbs can follow both patterns:  Verb + Infinitive=I expect to pass the test.  Verb + Object + Infinitive=I expect Mary to pass the test.  See p. 313 for other verbs like this  Also, see footnotes on p. 313

30.  When I’m at home, I never have time ________(go) to the beach.

31.  When Keiko first came to the U.S., she found it hard _________ (speak) to Americans.

32.  Shopping on the internet has made our lives a lot easier. It’s now possible _________ (shop) at home.

33.  He wasn’t sorry _________ (get) rid of it, because he found a great deal on another car.

34.  Complete Exercises 25 & 26, p. 314  Complete Exercise 28 (gerund vs. infinitive)

35.  Some verbs can be followed by either an infinitive or a gerund.  Sometimes there is no difference in meaning, but sometimes the meaning changes.

36.  Group A: no difference in meaning (p. 317)  It began to rain.-It began raining.  I started to work.-I started working  However, if the main verb is progressive, an infinitive is usually used:  It was beginning to rain vs. It was beginning raining.  (Two –ing words next to each other just sounds weird)

37.  Group B: Difference in Meaning (p. 317)  Remember/forget + infinitive: remember/forget to perform a task/duty:  Judy always remembers to lock the door.  Sam often forgets to lock the door.  Remember/forget + gerund: remember/forget something that happened in the past:  Judy remembers seeing Houston from the plane window for the first time.  I will never forget seeing the Alps for the first time.  *Forget + Gerund usually occurs in negative sentences/questions

38.  Regret + Infinitive = regret to say/tell/inform someone of bad news:  I regret to tell you that you failed the test.  Regret + Gerund = regret something that happened in the past:  I regret lending him $200. He never paid me back!  Try + Infinitive = make an effort:  I’m trying to learn English.  Try + Gerund = experiment with a new/different approach:  The room was hot. I tried opening the window. I tried turning on the fan. Finally, I turned on the air conditioner.

39.  Stop + Gerund = stop an activity  The students stopped talking when the professor entered the room.  He stopped smoking.  Stop + Infinitive = stop for some purpose  When Ann saw her professor in the hallway, she stopped to talk to him.  He stopped to smoke.

40.  Can we stop watching the movie?  Can we stop to watch the movie?

41.  The cleaners didn’t start working until noon.  The cleaners didn’t start to work until noon.

42.  It will continue raining through the evening.  It will continue to rain through the evening.

43.  I didn’t remember locking the door.  I didn’t remember to lock the door.

44.  We regret to say that Mr. Jones died.  We regret saying that Mr. Jones died.

45.  The roof has begin leak.  The roof has begun to leak.

46.  I tried to send a message on Ben’s computer.  I tried sending a message on Ben’s computer.

47.  I’ll never forget doing that.  I’ll never forget to do that.

48.  Complete Exercises 30, 32, and 35, p. 318-321

49.  An infinitive can be used as the subject of a sentence:  To learn a second language is difficult.  However, it is FAR more common to use IT + Verb + Infinitive as the subject of a sentence:  It is difficult to learn a second language.  IT has the same meaning as the infinitive phrase (to learn a second language).  The phrase for + noun/pronoun can be used with IT to be more specific:  It is easy for young children to learn a second language.

50.  More examples of infinitives as subjects:  To work late is very uncommon for Tom.  It is very uncommon for Tom to work late.  To open doors for women is very polite.  It is polite for men to open doors for women.

51.  Gerunds are commonly used as the subject of a sentence:  Learning a second language is difficult.  Learning a second language is easy for children.  Opening doors for women is polite.  Swimming is my favorite exercise.  Smoking is a bad habit.  Remember: gerunds/infinitives used as subjects DON’T follow the same rules as when used as objects!

52.  Ex:  Raising children is not easy.  It is not easy to raise children.

53.  Studying all night is not a good idea.

54.  Walking to work takes too much time.

55.  Getting exercise is important.

56.  Owning a house costs a lot of money.

57.  Knowing a foreign language can be useful.

58.  Complete Exercise 37, p. 322 – make 5 sentences  Complete Exercise 40, p. 232 – answer any 5 questions, use gerund subjects in your answers.  Complete Exercise 38, p. 323

59.  Review the charts on p. 324-325  Complete Exercises 43 and 44, p. 327-328

60.  I’m planning _____________________.

61.  Do you recommend ___________________?

62.  You should consider ________________.

63.  I’ve decided _____________________.

64.  I suggest ________________________.

65.  Don’t expect me __________________.

66.  He refuses _____________________.

67.  I warn you not ______________________.

68.  You should avoid __________________.

69.  I urge you _________________________.

70.  Can you ask Gary ______ me a call when he comes back?  A. give  B. to give  C. given

71.  Please put on a sweater when you go out. I don’ want ________ cold.  A. you get  B. to get  C. you to get

72.  Celia would like _______ some time of because her father is sick.  A. take  B. to take  C. her mother to take

73.  Don’t ask _____ that. I can’t understand a word of it.  A. I translate  B. translating  C. me to translate

74.  I’m going to want ________ me a hand with this sofa. It’s heavy  A. him to give  B. him give  C. giving

75.  You’ve worked hard all week. It’s time _____ (enjoy) life. You don’t want _________ (waste) time all weekend ______ (run) errands. The idea of ________ (stand) in line at the supermarket fills you with horror. You simply don’t have the time _______ (go) to the post office. Or maybe you just hate _______ (shop). But things need _______ (get) done. Don’t worry. Try _______ (use) a shopping service. A growing number of companies exist ________ (meet) the needs of people who are too busy ______ (run) all their errands themselves. For fees that start at $50 an hour, these companies provide a variety of services from _______ (register) their clients’ car to _______ (clean) their house.

76.  You’ve worked hard all week. It’s time to enjoy life. You don’t want to waste time all weekend to run/running errands. The idea of standing in line at the supermarket fills you with horror. You simply don’t have the time to go to the post office. Or maybe you just hate to shop/shopping. But things need to get done. Don’t worry. Try to use/using a shopping service. A growing number of companies exist to meet the needs of people who are too busy to run all their errands themselves. For fees that start at $50 an hour, these companies provide a variety of services from registering their clients’ car to cleaning their house.

77.  I forgot to mail the letter.  ___ I mailed the letter

78.  I didn’t remember to take out the garbage.  ___ I took out the garbage.

79.  I’ll never forget opening that letter.  ___ I opened the letter.

80.  I always avoid eating sweets.  ____ I eat sweets.

81.  They permitted me to leave.  ___ I left.

82.  She stopped to eat lunch.  ___ She didn’t eat lunch.

83.  I tried soaking my ankle, but it still hurts.  ___ I soaked my ankle.

84.  I heard about his winning the race.  ___ He won the race.

85.  He was surprised at my failing the exam.  ___ I failed the exam.

86.  I had him complain to the manager.  ___ I complained to the manager.

87.  Use the gerund, infinitive or pronoun + infinitive of resign:  I have decided ___________________.  I appreciate ______________________.  I expect ___________________________.  I invite _____________________________.  I’m concerned about _______________________.  I urge _______________________________.  I want ____________________________.  I don’t mind ________________________.

88.  Use the gerund, infinitive, or pronoun + infinitive form of run.  I have decided ____________________.  I appreciate ____________________.  I expect _____________________.  I invite _____________________.  I’m concerned about ____________________.  I urge _____________________.  I want _____________________.  I don’t mind _________________________.

89.  Complete the Chapter Review Handout.

90. Gerunds & Infinitives, Part II

91.  IN ORDER TO is used to express purpose – it answers the question “Why?”  He came here in order to study English.  He went to the store in order to buy a birthday cake.  She traveled to Italy in order to tour Rome.  IN ORDER is often omitted  He came here to study English.  He went to the store to buy a birthday cake.  She traveled to Italy to tour Rome.  Note: always TO + VERB

92.  FOR can also be used to express purpose, but when FOR is used it must be followed by a noun object since it is a preposition.  I went to the store for some bread.  VS.  I went to the store to buy some bread.  He goes to school for computer science.  VS.  He goes to school to study computer science.

93.  ____ see her cousins  ____ a vacation  ____ business  ____ meet with company executives  ____ discuss long-term plans for the company  ____ spend time with her parents  ____ a visit with childhood friends

94.  Complete Exercises 3, 4, and 5, p. 332-333

95.  Certain adjectives can be immediately followed by infinitives (see list on p. 333)  In general, these adjectives describe a person’s FEELINGS or ATTITUDES  Examples:  We were sorry to hear the bad news.  I was surprised to see Ted at the meeting.  I was careful to follow the instructions exactly.  I was shocked to see my score on the test.

96.  Complete Exercise 8, p. 334  Write 2 completions for each

97.  In the speaker’s mind, the use of TOO implies a NEGATIVE result:  That box is too heavy for Bob to lift.  Too heavy = it is impossible for Bob to lift that box.  That box is very heavy, but Bob can lift it.  Very heavy = it is possible but difficult for Bob to lift that box.  The dogs are too tired to go on a walk.  Too tired = the dogs are so tired they will refuse to go on their walk  The dogs are quite tired, but need to go on their walk.  Quite tired = the dogs are very tired, but are still capable of going on their walk

98.  ENOUGH follows an adjective.  I am strong enough to lift that box. (I can lift it.)  Usually ENOUGH precedes a noun.  He has enough stamina to win the marathon. (He can win the marathon.)  In very formal English, it may follow a noun.  The King has fortitude enough to continue with this difficult task. (He can continue with the task.)

99.  Complete Exercise 14 (Listening) p. 336  Complete Exercise 15, p. 337

100.  Passive Infinitive = TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE  I didn’t expect to be asked to his party.  I didn’t plan to be stuck painting the house.  Everyone wants their final essay to be graded soon.  Passive Gerund = BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE  I enjoyed being asked to his party.  The house is being painted (by me).  They are excited their essays are being graded.

101.  Complete Exercises 17 and 18, p. 338

102.  Usually an infinitive follows NEED:  I need to paint my house.  John needs to be told the truth.  My students need to study harder.  Sometimes a gerund may follow NEED. In this case, the gerund carries a passive meaning and the situation usually involves fixing or improving something:  My house needs painting.  The living room needs cleaning.  Note the infinitive form carries the same meaning:  My house needs to be painted.  The living room needs to be cleaned.

103.  Complete Exercise 21, p. 339  Complete Exercise 22, p. 340  Write 4 sentences

104.  Certain verbs of perception (see p. 341 for list) are followed by either the simple form or the –ing form of a verb.  The –ing form emphasizes the idea of “while.”  I saw my friend run down the street.  I saw my friend running down the street.  (emphasizes you saw her while the running was going on)

105.  Sometimes (not always) there is a clear difference between using the –ing or simple form.  When I walked into the apartment, I heard my roommate singing in the shower.  Meaning: the singing was already in progress when you entered the apartment and first heard it.  I heard a famous opera star sing at the concert last night.  Meaning: you heard the singing from beginning to end. It was NOT already in progress when you first heard it.

106.  Complete Exercise 26, p. 341

107.  Let is followed by the simple form of a verb, NOT AN INFINITIVE:  My father lets me drive his car. = correct  My father lets me to drive his car. = incorrect  I let my sister borrow my notes. = correct  I let my sister to borrow my notes. = incorrect  Help is often followed by the simple form of a verb, but can also be followed by an infinitive (less common):  My brother helped me wash my car. = correct  My brother helped me to wash my car. = also correct  I helped my sister study for her test. = correct  I helped my sister to study for her test. = also correct

108.  Don’t let me…  The teacher usually lets us…  Why did you let your roommate…  You shouldn’t let other people…  A stranger helped the lost child…  It was very kind of my friend to help me…  Keep working. Don’t let me…  Could you help me…

109.  MAKE, HAVE, and GOT can be used to express the idea that “X” causes “Y” to do something. When used this way, we call it a causative verb.  When MAKE, HAVE, and GOT are used as causative verbs, their meanings are similar, but not identical.  I made my brother carry my suitcase.  My brother had no choice. I insisted/forced him to carry my suitcase.  MADE = FORCE/GIVE NO CHOICE  I had my brother carry my suitcase.  My brother carried my suitcase because I asked him to.  HAD = ASK/REQUEST  I got my brother to carry my suitcase.  I persuaded my brother to carry my suitcase.  GOT = PERSUADE

110.  Complete Exercise 30, p. 344

111.  FORMS:  XmakesYdo something(simple form)  XhasYdo something(simple form)  XgetsYto do something(infinitive)

112.  Make gives the idea that X gives Y no choice or forces them to do something.  Make is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive.  Mrs. Lee made her son clean his room.  I made my students take a quiz.  Sad movies make my sister cry.

113.  Have gives the idea that X requests or asks Y to do something.  Have is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive.  I had the plumber repair the leak.  I had my students work in groups.  Jane had the waiter bring her some tea.

114.  Get gives the idea that X persuades Y to do something  Get is followed by an infinitive  The students got the teacher to dismiss class early.  Jack got his friends to play soccer with him after school.  My sister got me to go to the beach with her.

115.  The past participle is used after have and get to give a passive meaning.  When used as a passive, there is usually little or no difference in meaning between have and get.  I had my watch repaired (by someone).  I got my watch repaired (by someone).  Meaning = I caused my watch to be repaired by someone.  I had my dogs vaccinated (by the vet).  I got my dogs vaccinated (by the vet).  Meaning = I caused my dogs to be vaccinated.

116.  Complete Exercise 34, p. 346-347

117.  Complete Exercises 35, 37 and 38, p. 347-350  Complete Chapter 15 Review Handout