1. © 2015 Cengage Learning Chapter 6 Challenges to Effective Policing Chapter 6 Challenges to Effective Policing © 2015 Cengage Learning

2. Learning Objective 1 Explain why police are allowed discretionary power. Rod Lamkey Jr/AFP/Getty Images

3. © 2015 Cengage Learning Justification for Police Discretion – Officers are considered trustworthy and are therefore assumed to make honest decisions. – Experience and training give officers the ability to determine whether certain activity poses a threat to society, and take action to investigate or prevent that activity. – Officers are extremely knowledgeable in human, and by extension criminal behavior. – Officers may find themselves in harm’s way and must be allowed to take action to protect themselves. The Role of Discretion in Policing

4. © 2015 Cengage Learning The Role of Discretion in Policing Factors in police discretion: – Nature of the criminal act – Attitude of the wrongdoer – Relationship between the victim and the offender – Policy – Mandatory arrest laws – Bureaucracy

5. © 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 2 List the three primary purposes of police patrol. SVLumagraphica/Shutterstock

6. © 2015 Cengage Learning The Purpose of Patrol 1.The deterrence of crime by maintaining a visible police presence. 2.The maintenance of public order and a sense of security in the community. 3.The twenty-four hour provision of services that are not crime related. Police Organization & Field Operations

7. © 2015 Cengage Learning Police Organization & Field Operations Patrol activities: – Preventative patrol – Calls for service – Administrative duties – Officer-initiated activities

8. © 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 3 Indicate some investigative strategies that are considered aggressive. Elyse Rieder/Photo Researchers

9. © 2015 Cengage Learning Investigations: – The responsibility of detectives – Aggressive strategies include going undercover and working with confidential informants. – Preventative strikes to combat domestic terrorism – Success is measured with clearance rates, or the number of cases resulting in arrest and prosecution. Police Organization & Field Operations

10. © 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 4 Describe how forensic experts use DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes. Brandon Alms/iStockphoto

11. © 2015 Cengage Learning Police Organization & Field Operations Forensic experts determine crucial facts of a case: Cause of injury/death Time of injury/death Type of weapon(s) used Identity of crime victim Identity of the offender

12. © 2015 Cengage Learning The DNA Revolution: – DNA provides the genetic “blueprint” or “code” for every living organism. – When DNA is recovered at a crime scene and matched to a suspect, the odds that match is conclusive are 30 million to 1. – The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) is a database that stores DNA samples taken from crime scenes. – As of 2007, CODIS has produced almost 59,000 cold hits nationwide. Police Organization & Field Operations

13. © 2015 Cengage Learning Police Organization & Field Operations

14. © 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 5 Explain why differential response strategies enable police departments to respond more efficiently to 911 calls. Mark Randall/MCT/Landov

15. © 2015 Cengage Learning Police Strategies – What Works? – Response time to 911 calls Incident-driven policing Response time as a benchmark of efficiency – Differential response “Cold” calls versus “hot” calls Location intelligence Police Strategies

16. © 2015 Cengage Learning Random patrol: – Relies on officers to monitor a certain area detecting crimes in progress or preventing crimes due to their presence – Also called preventive patrol, or random patrol Directed patrol: – Is designed to respond to a specific criminal activity at a specific time – Targeted areas are labeled hot spots Police Strategies

17. © 2015 Cengage Learning Police Strategies Predictive policing Anticipation of crimes to occur Finding hot spots Broken windows theory Crime mapping Geographic information systems CompStat

18. © 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 6 Explain community policing and its contribution to the concept of problem- oriented policing. Andrew Harnik/Washington Times/Landov

19. © 2015 Cengage Learning Community policing is a strategy that emphasizes community support for, and cooperation with, police in preventing crime. Problem-Oriented Policing: – A key component of community policing – Moves beyond simply responding to incidents and attempts instead to control or even solve the root causes of criminal behavior – Two important aspects of problem-solving policing are “hot spots” and crime mapping Police Strategies

20. © 2015 Cengage Learning Police Strategies

21. © 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 7 Determine when officers are justified in using deadly force. AP Photo/Brant Sanderlin

22. © 2015 Cengage Learning Authority and the Use of Force – Reasonable Force: The degree of force that is appropriate to protect the officer and other citizens. – Deadly Force: Force likely or intended to cause death Us versus Them

23. © 2015 Cengage Learning Discussion Question Use of Force Revisit p. 168 in your text regarding the altercation/shooting in a middle school. What would you have done given the situation? Were the officers justified? Explain your answer. How would you have prevented the outcome?

24. © 2015 Cengage Learning Us versus Them © Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved.

25. © 2015 Cengage Learning Us versus Them Tennessee v. Garner (1985) Less lethal weapons

26. © 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 8 Identify the three traditional forms of police corruption. Matt Roth/The New York Times

27. © 2015 Cengage Learning Types of Corruption: 1.Bribery 2.Shakedowns 3.Mooching Police Misconduct & Ethics

28. © 2015 Cengage Learning Learning Objective 9 Explain what an ethical dilemma is, and name four categories of ethical dilemmas typically facing a police officer. Mandel Ngan/AFP/Getty Images

29. © 2015 Cengage Learning Police Misconduct & Ethics Police Code of Conduct developed by the International Association of Chiefs of Police 1989 “A police officer will not engage in acts of corruption or bribery.” “Officers will never allow personal feelings, animosities, or friendships to influence official conduct.”

30. © 2015 Cengage Learning Discussion Question Code of Conduct Research the Police Code of Conduct and have someone in the class read out loud. Discuss statement by statement each section. Is this reasonable for a person? If so, why and if not, why not? What would you change? Does this change your perspective of the overall expectations of officers?

31. © 2015 Cengage Learning Ethical dilemmas are defined as a situation in which law enforcement officers: – Do not know the right course of action – Have difficulty doing what they consider to be right; and/or – Find the wrong choice very tempting Four categories of Ethical Dilemmas: 1.Discretion 2.Duty 3.Honesty 4.Loyalty Police Misconduct & Ethics

32. © 2015 Cengage Learning Discussion Question Ethics Undercover Use the same Code of Police Conduct and discuss the following: – Should the same code be applied to those officers working intelligence-based cases and those working undercover operations in which they lie and are deceitful towards suspects within the course of their jobs to take drugs off of the streets? Justify your answers!