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3. Splash Screen

4. Chapter Introduction Section 1The Land Section 2Climate and Vegetation Chapter Summary & Study Guide Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides. Contents

5. Intro 1

6. Intro 2 Identify the physical features and natural resources of Russia.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Chapter Objectives Discuss the effects of Russia’s climate and vegetation on life in the region.

7. Intro 3 As you read this chapter, use your journal to note the physical features and environment of Russia. Use colorful, vivid words to describe the unique beauty of Russia’s landscape.

8. End of Intro

9. Section 1-1 The Land Describe the size of Russia’s land area.  Objectives Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Discuss how Russia’s interconnected plains and mountain ranges shape settlement in the country.  Identify Russia’s natural resources.

10. Section 1-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Terms to Know chernozem  The Land hydroelectric power  permafrost

11. Section 1-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Caucasus Mountains  Places to Locate The Land Central Siberian Plateau  North European Plain  West Siberian Plain  Volga River

12. Section 1-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

13. Section 1-5 Many active volcanoes are found in far eastern Russia, where the Kamchatka Peninsula lies within the Ring of Fire, the belt of volcanic activity surrounding the Pacific Ocean. Four volcanoes in Kamchatka–Kliuchevskoi, Tolbachik, Shiveluch, and Bezymianny–last erupted in 1999.

14. Section 1-6 A Vast and Varied Land Mountains and Plateaus Stretching across parts of Europe and Asia, Russia is a huge land of plains divided and bordered by mountains and plateaus.  (pages 345–348) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Urals are old, worn-down mountains that mark the boundary between European and Asian parts of Russia.  The Caucasus Mountains in the southwest reach their highest elevation at Mount Elbrus, 18,510 ft. (5,642 m), Russia’s highest point.

15. Section 1-7 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. A Vast and Varied Land (cont.) (pages 345–348)

16. Section 1-8 A Vast and Varied Land (cont.) Mountain ranges also form a rugged natural boundary between Russia and China. (pages 345–348)

17. Section 1-9 A Vast and Varied Land (cont.) Plains Areas The North European Plain covers most of European Russia.  (pages 345–348) The southern part of the plain has rich soil, and about 75 percent of the Russian population lives there.  The Ural Mountains separate the North European Plain from the West Siberian Plain, which covers almost one million square miles (2.6 million sq. km). Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

18. Section 1-10 A Vast and Varied Land (cont.) Coasts, Seas, and Lakes Russia has the longest continuous coastline of any country, at 23,400 miles (37,650 km).  (pages 345–348) The coastline touches the Arctic and Pacific Oceans and the Baltic, Black, and Caspian Seas.  Most of Russia’s ports are frozen for at least part of the year. Lake Baikal in southern Siberia is the deepest freshwater lake in the world. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

19. Section 1-11 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. A Vast and Varied Land (cont.) (pages 345–348)

20. Section 1-12 A Vast and Varied Land (cont.) (pages 345–348) -The Black Sea is Russia’s warm-water outlet to the Mediterranean Sea.  -The Caspian Sea is actually a saltwater lake with no outlet.  -Lake Baikal holds about 20 percent of the earth’s freshwater. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

21. Section 1-13 Why is it important to keep the water in Lake Baikal clean, and what global impact might result if the lake were permanently polluted? Lake Baikal, containing about 20 percent of Earth’s freshwater, is an important ecological area. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. A Vast and Varied Land (cont.) (pages 345–348)

22. Section 1-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Rivers Most of Russia’s longest rivers are in sparsely populated Siberia.  (pages 348–349) Siberians enjoy a surplus of freshwater, but European Russians often face water shortages or problems with water quality.

23. Section 1-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Volga River The Volga is the fourth- longest river in Russia and the longest river in Europe.  Rivers (cont.) Draining much of Russia’s North European Plain, the Volga River and its canals link the Moscow area to the Caspian, Black, and Baltic Seas. (pages 348–349)

24. Section 1-16 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Rivers (cont.) (pages 348–349)

25. Section 1-17 Siberian Rivers Siberian rivers flow north to the Arctic Ocean. Blocked by ice, meltwaters often flood the land and create vast swamps. Rivers (cont.) (pages 348–349)

26. Section 1-18 How might Russia distribute its water more evenly? Possible answer: Russia might distribute its water more evenly by building pipelines to carry water west to European Russia. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Rivers (cont.) (pages 348–349)

27. Section 1-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Natural Resources Minerals and Energy Russia has huge mineral resources.  (pages 349–350) It is especially rich in mineral fuels, such as oil, natural gas, and coal.  Russia’s rivers make it a leading producer of hydroelectric power.

28. Section 1-20 Soil and Forest Land Because of Russia’s generally cold climate, only about 10 percent of Russia’s land is suitable for farming.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Natural Resources (cont.) A rich, fertile “Black Earth Belt,” however, stretches from Ukraine to southwestern Russia, supplying the country with grains, sugar beets, and other produce.  About one-fifth of the world’s forested land is in Siberia. Russian forests supply much of the world’s timber. (pages 349–350)

29. Section 1-21 Russia’s Fishing Industry Fish is a staple food in Russia and also an important export. Natural Resources (cont.) (pages 349–350)

30. Section 1-21 Natural Resources (cont.) (pages 349–350) Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

31. Section 1-22 How would your diet change if you lived in a country like Russia? In Russia there probably are fewer choices and convenience foods. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Natural Resources (cont.) (pages 349–350)

32. Section 1-23 Checking for Understanding __ 1.permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground __ 2.rich, black topsoil found in the North European Plain, especially in Russia and Ukraine __ 3.electrical energy generated by falling water A.chernozem B.hydroelectric power C.permafrost Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. A B C Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

33. Section 1-24 Critical Thinking Drawing Conclusions Why do 75 percent of Russians live west of the Ural Mountains? Seventy-five percent of Russians live west of the Ural Mountains because of the milder climate and presence of fertile soil and navigable rivers, which led to the development of large cities. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

34. Section 1-25 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Identifying Cause and Effect What problems arise as a result of the large number of Russians living on the North European Plain? Water shortages and pollution arise as a result of the large number of Russians living on the North European Plain.

35. Section 1-26 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Making Generalizations Explain how Russia’s geography affects access to natural resources. Russia is rich in natural resources, but geographic and climatic obstacles make resources inaccessible or costly to develop.

36. Section 1-27 Analyzing Maps Region Study the map below. What types of physical features form Russia’s boundaries? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

37. Section 1-28 Analyzing Maps Seas, mountains, and rivers form Russia’s boundaries.

38. Section 1-29 Applying Geography Effect of Location Think about the locations of Russia’s seas. Then write a descriptive paragraph explaining how the locations of these seas affect Russia’s economy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Possible answer: Most of Russia’s seas are in the far north where ports are often icebound. The Black Sea provides Russia with warm- water ports for year-round shipping.

39. Section 1-30 Close Work with a classmate to plan the itinerary for a 10-day class tour of Russia. Give reasons for your chosen destinations.

40. End of Section 1

41. Section 2-1 Climate and Vegetation List Russia’s major climates.  Objectives Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. State what seasons are like in Russia.  Explain how climate affects the way Russians live.  Classify the types of natural vegetation found in each of Russia’s climate regions.

42. Section 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Terms to Know tundra  Climate and Vegetation taiga  steppe

43. Section 2-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Siberia  Places to Locate Climate and Vegetation Arctic Circle

44. Section 2-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

45. Section 2-5 The coldest temperature ever recorded in Asia was in Russia. On February 6, 1933, the temperature in the Siberian town of Oimekon was -90ºF. The same temperature was recorded on February 7, 1892, in Verkhoyansk, another Siberian location.

46. Section 2-6 Russia’s Climates and Vegetation Most of Russia has a harsh climate with long, cold winters and short, relatively cool summers.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 351–352) Lying well within the Eurasian landmass, most of the country is far away from any moderating ocean influences.

47. Section 2-7 How do you think climate affects most Russians on an everyday basis? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Possible answers: Russians probably welcome summer when it comes. Because of the long, cold winters, Russians may need heavier and warmer clothes than most Americans do. They wear hats, scarves, and gloves more often. (pages 351–352) Russia’s Climates and Vegetation (cont.)

48. Section 2-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. High Latitude Climates Tundra The tundra, a vast, treeless plain, covers about 10 percent of Russia.  (pages 352–353) The weather is always cold, and little grows there because of the short growing season and the thin acidic soil.

49. Section 2-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Subarctic The subarctic lies just south of the tundra.  High Latitude Climates (cont.) The subarctic has snow for up to 250 days of the year.  The taiga is a forest belt in the subarctic that is the world’s largest coniferous forest.  It contains one-half of the world’s softwood timber. (pages 352–353)

50. Section 2-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Living in a Cold Climate Russians must be creative to live in an extremely cold climate.  Builders plan for the cold when they construct buildings, and cars are made from a special type of steel that will not crack in the cold.  Large amounts of oil, gas, wood, and coal are used to keep warm. High Latitude Climates (cont.) (pages 352–353)

51. Section 2-11 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. High Latitude Climates (cont.) (pages 352–353)

52. Section 2-12 How would the deforestation of the taiga affect the world? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Possible answers: Without the taiga there would be a loss of biodiversity. Because trees help reduce the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, global warming might be accelerated by the loss of taiga forests. High Latitude Climates (cont.) (pages 352–353)

53. Section 2-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Mid-Latitude Climates Humid Continental Most of the North European Plain and some of southern Siberia have a humid continental climate, with long, snowy, relatively mild winters.  (pages 354–355) In humid continental areas of Russia, the coniferous taiga of the north gives way to mixed coniferous-deciduous forests.  Farther south, the forests gradually merge into temperate fertile grasslands.

54. Section 2-14 War and Winter Russia’s cold climate was helpful in World War II because Russian soldiers, who were used to the cold, fought well against the German soldiers, who were unprepared for a brutal winter.  Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.) (pages 354–355) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Steppe The steppe climate region has dry summers and long, cold, dry winters. Its rich soil enables a variety of grasses and plants to flourish.

55. Section 2-15 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again. Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.) (pages 354–355)

56. Section 2-16 In which of these climatic zones do you think most Russians live? Why do you think so? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. They probably live in the humid continental zone because of the mild temperatures and the plentiful rainfall. Rich soils also lie in this zone, so crops grow well there. Mid-Latitude Climates (cont.) (pages 354–355)

57. Section 2-17 Checking for Understanding __ 1.Russian term for the vast subarctic forest, mostly evergreens, that covers much of Russian and Siberia __ 2.wide, grassy plains of Eurasia; also, similar semiarid climate regions elsewhere __ 3.vast, treeless plains in cold northern climates; characterized by permafrost and small, low plants, such as mosses and shrubs A.tundra B.taiga C.steppe Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. C A B Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers.

58. Section 2-18 Critical Thinking Making Generalizations What generalization can you make about Russia’s climate regions? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. With some exceptions, Russia’s climates and vegetation are typical of high latitudes–extremely cold temperatures, tundra and taiga vegetation.

59. Section 2-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Making Inferences How does Russia’s climates and short growing season affect food production? Possible answer: Limited agricultural land must be farmed intensely, fresh foods must be preserved, and some produce must be imported because of the short growing season.

60. Section 2-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Comparing and Contrasting What are the differences between the tundra and subarctic climate regions? Between the humid continental and steppe climate regions? Critical Thinking Tundra climate regions consist of year-round cold temperatures and are treeless, and barren. Subarctic climate regions consist of taiga vegetation (coniferous forests). Humid continental climate regions consist of mixed forests, fertile soil, and more moderate seasonal temperatures. Steppe climate regions consist of a short summer season, fertile soil, and grasslands.

61. Section 2-21 Analyzing Maps Region Study the maps on the right. Which type of climate characterizes the North European Plain? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The North European Plain has a humid continental, and subarctic climate.

62. Section 2-22 Applying Geography Impact of Climate Write a paragraph describing physical processes, such as freezing and thawing, and the effect they have on the land and the people of Siberia and other northern parts of Russia.

63. Section 2-23 Close Reread “A Geographic View” on page 351 of your textbook. Notice the colorful description of Kamchatka’s climate in the last sentence. Can you come up with similarly colorful one-sentence descriptions of the climate or vegetation in other parts of Russia?

64. End of Section 2

65. Chapter Summary 1 Section 1: The Land (pages 345–350) Russia is the largest country in the world, spanning Europe and Asia.  Key Points Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Russia’s land consists of interconnected plains and plateaus and is bordered on the south and east by mountain ranges.  Most rivers in Russia flow northward and are frozen for much of the year.  Russia is rich in resources, such as petroleum, coal, minerals and gems, and timber.

66. Chapter Summary 2 Most of Russia has a harsh climate with wide extremes of temperatures, which creates challenges in all aspects of Russian life.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Key Points Russian winters are long and cold, and its summers are short and relatively cool.  Permanently frozen subsoil, or permafrost, lies beneath much of Siberia.  The vegetation in Russia is varied, with treeless tundra in the far north, densely wooded taiga in the north and central areas, and temperate steppe grasslands in the southwest. Section 2: Climate and Vegetation (pages 351–355)

67. End of Chapter Summary

68. Chapter Assessment 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms Insert the key term that best completes each of the following sentences. permafrosttundrasteppe chernozemtaigahydroelectric power 1.The permanently frozen ___________________ lies beneath much of northern Russia. 2.The frigid ___________________ stretches along Russia’s northern boundary. 3.Many varieties of grasses grow in the ___________________ climate region. 4.The rich ___________________ soil of the North European Plain supports the production of grains. permafrost tundra steppe chernozem

69. Chapter Assessment 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. 5.Coniferous trees grow in the ________________, a forest belt that covers most of Russia. 6.The Volga River provides western Russia with ___________________. Reviewing Key Terms taiga hydroelectric power Insert the key term that best completes each of the following sentences. permafrosttundrasteppe chernozemtaigahydroelectric power

70. Chapter Assessment 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Which mountains form a natural dividing line between European Russia and Asian Russia? Reviewing Facts Section 1: The Land The Urals form a natural diving line.

71. Chapter Assessment 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What are Russia’s two main plains? Reviewing Facts Section 1: The Land The two main plains are the North European Plain and the West Siberian Plain.

72. Chapter Assessment 5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Explain why the Volga River is so important to the people of Russia. Reviewing Facts Section 1: The Land The Volga River provides hydroelectric power, transportation, and links for trade and agriculture.

73. Chapter Assessment 6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What are Russia’s major natural resources? Reviewing Facts Section 1: The Land The major natural resources are oil, natural gas, and coal, as well as other minerals, forests, and fish.

74. Chapter Assessment 7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What are the main characteristics of Russian seasons? Reviewing Facts Section 2: Climate and Vegetation The main characteristics of Russian seasons are long, cold winters and short, cool summers.

75. Chapter Assessment 8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What are the four climate regions in Russia? Reviewing Facts Section 2: Climate and Vegetation The four climate regions are tundra, subarctic, humid continental, and steppe.

76. Chapter Assessment 9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Which climate region dominates Russia? Reviewing Facts Section 2: Climate and Vegetation The subarctic climate region dominates Russia.

77. Chapter Assessment 10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What kinds of vegetation are found in each of Russia’s climate regions? Reviewing Facts Section 2: Climate and Vegetation In the tundra region, there are lichens, mosses, algae, and dwarf shrubs. In the subarctic region, there are taiga (coniferous forests). In the humid continental region, there are deciduous and mixed deciduous- coniferous forests. In the steppe region, there are grasslands.

78. Chapter Assessment 11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Drawing Conclusions Why do most Russians live on the North European Plain? Most Russians live on the North European Plain because there are navigable rivers, fertile soil, and a less harsh climate.

79. Chapter Assessment 12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Analyzing Information Why is Russia’s Volga River often called “Mother Volga”? The river is vital to Russia. It drains much of the eastern North European Plain and connects Moscow to northern Europe.

80. Chapter Assessment 13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Locating Places Match the letters on the map with the physical features of Russia. __1.Ural Mountains __2.Caucasus Mountains __3.Verkhoyansk Range __4.Central Siberian Plateau __5.Arctic Ocean __6.Bering Sea __7.Caspian Sea __8.Volga River __9.Ob River __10.North European Plain B E G F H D A C I J

81. Chapter Assessment 14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Due to the large amount of coal deposits, what precious gem is also a natural resource of Russia? The diamond is a natural resource of Russia.

82. End of Chapter Assessment

83. Geography Online Explore online information about the topics introduced in this chapter. Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the Glencoe World Geography Web site. At this site, you will find interactive activities, current events information, and Web sites correlated with the chapters and units in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web browser and go to http://geography.glencoe.com

84. STP 1 Using the table below and your knowledge of geography, choose the best answer for the following multiple-choice question. If you have trouble answering the question, use the process of elimination to narrow your choices.

85. STP 2 1.What factor may help explain why Russia and Canada have a lower percentage of arable land than do the United States and France? ARussia and Canada have been settled longer. BRussia and Canada extend farther into cold northern regions. CRussia and Canada have larger land masses. DRussia and Canada are less industrialized. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Test-Taking Tip Study the information shown in the table about land use. Then think about climate regions in the selected countries. Notice similarities or differences between figures for the four countries. Choice C is not relevant, so it can be eliminated.

86. GeoFact 1 Siberian Tigers Permafrost Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

87. GeoFact 1a About 500 Siberian tigers, most of the world’s wild population of the animal, live in the forested mountains north of Vladivostok. Because poachers hunt the tigers and loggers destroy the tigers’ habitat, the species has become endangered.

88. GeoFact 1b In Siberia, buildings rest on pilings 6 to 8 feet (1.8-2.4 m) off the ground so that heat from within does not melt the permafrost. Melting permafrost can cause building foundations to shift and crack.

89. FYI 1 Lake Baikal has a unique ecosystem that is home to 1,500 types of animals and plants found nowhere else in the world.

90. SkillBuilder 1 Understanding Climographs Climate is the result of the complex interaction of latitude, wind patterns, temperature, and precipitation. Climographs allow us to compare and contrast different climates in different regions based on temperature and precipitation.

91. SkillBuilder 2 Learning the Skill A climograph combines a line graph and bar graph to show average variation in temperature and precipitation. In the graphs on the previous slide, the months of the year are shown on the horizontal axis. Temperature appears on the left vertical axis as a line graph; precipitation appears on the right vertical axis as a bar graph. Understanding Climographs

92. SkillBuilder 3 To analyze the information in a climograph:  Learning the Skill Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Identify highest and lowest temperatures.  Determine the variation in annual precipitation.  Use this information to describe and compare the two climates. Understanding Climographs

93. SkillBuilder 4 Practicing the Skill Answer the questions using the climographs on page 356 of your textbook. 1.Which city is warmer year-round? Wetter? 2.Which city has the greater annual variation in temperature? Minneapolis is warmer, and wetter year-round. Minneapolis has the greater annual variation. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display possible answers. Understanding Climographs

94. SkillBuilder 5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display possible answer. Practicing the Skill 3.What kind of climate does Moscow have? Minneapolis? Both cities have a humid continental climate. Answer the questions using the climographs on page 356 of your textbook. Understanding Climographs

95. Maps and Charts Contents Maps Russia: Physical-Political Russia: Climate Regions Russia: Natural Vegetation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

96. Maps and Charts 1

97. Maps and Charts 2

98. Maps and Charts 3

99. Political Map Transparency

100. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

101. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

102. End of Custom Shows WARNING! Do Not Remove This slide is intentionally blank and is set to auto-advance to end custom shows and return to the main presentation.

103. End of Slide Show