1. Ch 12 : History of Life Section 6

3. 12. Primates Mammals with flexible hands and feet Highest developed cerebrum Forward facing eyes – Binocular Vision depth perception Anthropoid Primates Rotating shoulder, elbow joints, opposable thumb 1.New World Monkeys 2.Old World Monkeys 3.Apes 1.Lesser Apes 2.Greater Apes 3.Hominids (HUMANS) ~200 species ~11 families http://www.cabrillo.edu/~crsmith/monkeycomparisons.html

4. Old World New World Location: Africa & Asia SA, CA, Mexico Example: baboon, colobus howler, spider, capuchin Nose: small, point down, closefar apart, flattened Cheeks: Have pouches Don’t have pouches Rumps: Have pads Don’t have pads Tails: Yes, Some don’t Yes, prehensile Habitat: Terrestrial/AllArboreal Parental Care: Female Male & Female

5. Family: Hominid primates that walk upright (bipedal) have long lower limbs 10 species (fossils) found, 2 Genus groups Genus: Australopithecus 1.anamensis (4.5-3.5 mya) 2.afarensis (4-2.5 mya) 3.africanus (3.5-2.5 mya) 4.aethiopicus (2.5 mya) 5.boisei (2.5-1.2 mya) 6.robustus (2-1 mya)

6. Hominid Fossils Australopithecus afarensis “Lucy” Found in Africa Chimp sized brain & bipedal

7. Hominid Species Genus: Homo 7. habilis “handy human” – used tools 2.5-1.6 mya 8. erectus “upright human” 1.8 mya-400,000 ya Multiregional Hypothesis = local populations gave rise to Homo sapiens all over the world African-origin Hypothesis = in Africa and they migrated all over 9. neanderthalensis 230,000-30,000 ya Europe & Asia 10. sapiens 160,000 ya Africa

8. Modern Humans Family Hominidae one living species: Homo sapiens Changes/Adaptations – Complex spoken language – Bipedalism Short aligned toes Bowl-shaped pelvis S—shaped spine (chimp = C-shaped) – Sparse body hair – Opposable Thumb = allows hand to manipulate objects – Brain size = 1,400 cm^3 (chimps = 500 cm^3) No single lineage