1. KEY CONCEPT Humans appeared late in Earth’s history.

2. I. Humans share a common ancestor with other primates.
A. Primate Characteristics
1. Moveable fingers and toes
2. Flat nails
3. Prehensile (grasping) hands
Color vision
Front facing eyes
Enlarged brains

3. B. Primates evolved into prosimians and anthropoids.
Prosimians are the oldest living primates
They are mostly small and nocturnal
Examples: lemurs, lorises, tarsiers

4. Prosimian = Lemurs

5. Prosimian = Lorises

6. Prosimian = Tarsiers

7. 2. Anthropoids are humanlike primates.

8. a. Characteristics of Anthropoids
Well developed collar bone
Rotating shoulder
Dental formula (molars, premolars, canine, incisors)
Opposable thumbs

9. Many have prehensile tails
C. Anthropoids are subdivided into the New World monkeys, Old World monkeys and hominoids
New World Monkeys: Marmosets, Howlers, Spider Monkeys, Squirrel Monkeys
All live in trees
Many have prehensile tails

10. New World = Marmosets

11. New World = Howlers

12. New World = Spider

13. New World = Squirrel Monkey

14. 2. Old World Monkeys: Macaque, Colobus, Baboon
Most travel and forage (at least part of the time) on the ground
Have larger brains that New World Monkeys

15. Old World = Macaque

16. Old World = Colobus

17. Old World = Baboons

18. 3. Hominoids – Orangutans, Bonobos, Chimps
Hominoids are divided into hominids, great apes and lesser apes
1. Hominids include living and extinct humans
a. Walk upright
b. Have long lower limbs
c. Opposable thumbs
d. Relatively large brains
2. Great apes include gorillas, chimps and orangutans
3. Lesser apes include gibbons

19. Great Apes = gorillas

20. Hominoids/Great Apes = Orangutans

21. Hominoids = Bonobos

22. Hominoids/Great Apes = Chimps

23. Hominoid/Lesser Apes = Gibbons

24. E. Walking Upright (a characteristic of humans)
1. Bipedal means walking on two legs which allows…
Foraging
carrying infants and food
using tools
Requires:
a. Cup shaped pelvis
b. S shaped spine
c. Toes aligned
d. Larger brain

26. II. There are many fossils of extinct humans
1. Most hominids are classified either as Australopithecus or Homo 2. Australopithecines were a successful genus a. Australopithecinus afarensis i. Lived 3 – 3.9 million years ago ii. Cranial Capacity is 1/3 of modern humans iii. Humanlike limbs
Australopithecus
afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo
neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens

28. 3. The Homo genus first evolved 2.4 million years ago a. Homo habilis i. Lived 2.5 – 1.6 mya ii. “Handy man” – used tools iii. Ate meat iv. Speech
Australopithecus
afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo
neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens

30. b. Homo Neanderthalensis
i. “Neanderthals”
ii. Larger cranial capacity than humans
iii. Thick brow ridges and protruding teeth
iv. Tools
v. Wore Clothing
Buried their dead
Replaced by modern humans
Australopithecus
afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo
neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens

32. III. Modern humans arose about 200,000 years ago 1
III. Modern humans arose about 200,000 years ago 1. Homo sapiens fossils date to 200,000 years ago a. Human evolution is influenced by a tool-based culture b. There is a trend toward increased brain size in hominids c. Characteristics: i. High forehead ii. No brow ridge
Australopithecus
afarensis
Homo habilis
Homo
neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens