1. Developmental psychology

2. List Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

3. Preconventional: 1- obedience and punishment: obedience to avoid punishment. 2- instrumental relativist: obedience to earn a reward. Conventional 3- good boy/nice girl: obedience to earn another’s respect. 4- law and order: moral belief based on recognition of authority. Post-conventional 5- social contract: fairness and justice of law. 6- universal ethics principal: acceptance of ethical principles governing everyone.

4. According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, what are the milestones that occur in children’s understanding that mark the entry and exit of the various stages?

5. 1- assimilation: process of fitting new objects and experiences into one’s schemas. 2- accommodation: changing old schemas to adjust to new situations. 3- object permanence: realization that objects exist when not visible. 4- representational thought: ability to picture something in one’s mind. 5- conservation: given quantities don’t change when appearance change.

6. What are the symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa?

7. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are serious eating disorders. Symptoms of anorexia include refusing to eat and not maintaining weight. Symptoms of bulimia nervosa include binge eating followed by purging to eliminate the calories taken in.

8. Describe the social- learning theory and explain how children learn gender roles.

9. social learning theory emphasizes the role of social and cognitive processes in how we perceive, organize, and use information. Children learn gender roles by observing and imitating models, such as parents, friends, peers, and teachers. These models respond and reward certain behaviors in boys and different behaviors in girls.

10. what do menarche and spermarche have to do with physical development?

11. spermarche and menarche are the beginning of reproductive capability and are accompanied by physical maturation. Spermarche is when a make first achieves ejaculation, and menarche is the first menstrual period.

12. what roll do peers serve in teenager’s life?

13. Belonging to a clique serves several functions. It fulfills the needs or closeness with others and gives the adolescent a means of defining his or her identity. The group does this by helping the individual achieve self- confidence, develop a dense of independence from family, clarify values, and experiment with new roles.

14. How does the influence of parents over their children change during adolescence?

15. Parent’s influence, especially over social situations, generally diminishes during adolescence. However, adolescents still want their parents’ support, advice, and acceptance.

16. describe the characteristics o each category of Marcia's identity theory.

17. 1- identity moratorium: considering the issues, no commitment to important matters. 2- identity foreclosure: firm commitment about issues based on others’ suggestions. 3- identity confused or diffused: no serious thought to decisions, no clear sense of self. 4- identity achievement: identities considered, committed to important matters.

18. what does it mean when people say that children are egocentric?

19. Children view the world from their ow perspective and cannot look at things from someone else’s point of view. The term does not necessarily imply selfishness at the expense of others, but a centering on the self in thinking. Piaget illustrated this by constructing models of mountains and moving a doll around in various positions. 3 year olds commonly believed the doll saw the layout no differently than they did.

20. explain Erickson’s theory of psychosocial development.

21. Erickson claimed there are 8 stages of development, each posing a particular conflict that must be dealt with before moving on to the next stage. 1- trust vs. mistrust. 2-autonomy vs. shame and doubt. 3- initiative vs. guilt. 4- industry vs. inferiority. 5- identity vs. role confusion. 6- intimacy vs. isolation. 7- generatively vs. stagnation. 8- ego integrity vs. despair.

22. explain Erickson’s theory of identity crisis

23. Building an identity is a uniquely adolescent task. Though aware of what others think, adolescents don’t have a sense of self and must go thought and identity crisis, an inner conflict of worrying intensely about who they are. The conflict must be resolved to achieve an integrated sense of self.

24. A process whereby an individual seeks to explain an often unpleasant emotion or behavior in a way that preserves his or her self-esteem.

25. rationalization

26. The inherited tendency or responses that are displayed by newborn animals when they encounter new stimuli in their environment. Baby geese, for example, are ready to start waddling after the first thing they see that moves, which is usually their movement.

27. imprinting

28. what innate capacities do newborns have?

29. The grasping and rooting reflexes. The grasping reflex is the ability to grab and hold onto objects. The rooting reflex is the ability to move toward the source of the touch whenever touched near the mouth.

30. What questions do developmental researchers raise concerning nature vs. nurture?

31. Developmental psychologists ask how much of human development results from heredity and how much results form learning.

32. explain Albert Bandura’s view on social learning.

33. According to Bandura, human development is one continuous process. At all stages, including adolescence, individuals develop by interacting with others.

34. Explain Freud's theory of psychosexual development.

35. Freud believed there are five stages of development. 1- oral stage: pleasure seeking focused on the mouth. 2- anal stage: pleasure seeking centered on functions of elimination. 3- phallic stage: pleasure seeking focused on genitals. 4- latency stage: sexual thoughts repressed, attention focused on developing social and intellectual skills. 5- genital stage: sexual desires renewed, seeks relationships with others.