1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display A Child’s World: How We Discover It Chapter 2

2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study 1. What are four theoretical perspectives on child development, and what are some theories representative of each?

3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Perspective 1: Psychoanalytic 1. Freud: Psychosexual development in five stages (o-a-p-l-g) Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months) Anal Stage (18 months to 3 years) Phallic Stage (3 to 6 years) Latent Stage (6 years to puberty) Genital Stage (Puberty on )

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Freud continued… Fixation occurs when children receive too little or too much gratification in any of these stages Three parts to personality: id, ego, and superego Id: Pleasure Principle--demands immediate satisfaction Ego: Reality Principle--can delay gratification Superego: development of conscience

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display The Id Totally unconscious: has no contact with reality Consists of instincts: our reservoir of psychic energy Has no morality

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display The Ego Deals with the demands of reality Called the “executive branch” of personality: uses reasoning to make decisions

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display The Superego The moral branch of personality Takes into account whether something is right or wrong Our “conscience”

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Perspective 1:Psychoanalytic 2. Erikson: psychosocial development in eight stages across the life span Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be faced. Crises are not catastrophes but rather turning points of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. Theory has held up better than Freud’s

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Stages of Psychosocial Development Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1 to 3) Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 6) Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12) Identity vs. Identity Confusion (12 to 18) Intimacy vs. Isolation (18 to 30) Generativity vs. Stagnation (30-old age) Integrity vs. Despair (old age)

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Checkpoint Tell two ways in which Erikson’s theory differs from Freud’s?

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Perspective 2: Learning Social Learning (Social-Cognitive) Theory Albert Bandura People learn from imitating others: modeling or observational learning Imitation is involved in learning language, dealing with aggression, developing a moral sense, and learning gender-appropriate behaviors

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Perspective 3: Cognitive 1. Piaget’s Cognitive-Stage Theory - combined observation with flexible questioning Organization: Integration of knowledge into systems. Schemes: Organized patterns of behavior used in different situations. Organization of information into schemes

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Piaget continued … Adaptation of information by: Assimilation: Incorporating new information into an existing cognitive structure. Accommodation : Changes in a structure to include new information. Equilibration is a balance between assimilation and accommodation

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Perspective 3: Cognitive 2. Information-Processing Approach Compares the brain to a computer People are active thinkers about their world Psychologists can use information- processing models to test, diagnose, and treat learning problems

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Perspective 4: Contextual Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Vygotsky saw cognitive growth as a collaborative process; children learn through social interaction. Zone of proximal development (ZPD): The difference between what a child can do alone and with help. Scaffolding: Temporary support to help a child master a task.

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Checkpoint Tell how Vygotsky’s theory applies to educational teaching and testing?

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display Key Terms Review Table 2-2 (page 26) Psychoanalytic Theory Freud Erikson Social Learning Theory Bandura Cognitive Theory Piaget Information Processing Approach Contextual Theory Vygotsky