1. What are the implications of the growth of tourism? Learning Questions: Why is tourism growing? What impact is that having? How can management reduce it? Write a definition for the key words related to this topic.

2. Write a sentence to explain how these factors make tourism increase More disposable income Having more disposable income increases tourism because… More paid holidays Budget airlines Internet holidays Improvements in transport Countries marketing themselves Better infrastructure eg)hotels EBI: Which do you think is the most important and why? Now colour code each factor into one of these categories and add a key 1- Social and economic factors 2. Improvements in technology 3. Expansion of holiday choice What are the implications of the growth of tourism?

3. The factors which attract tourists in certain places are known as the ‘pull’ factors. These can be physical or human.

4. Explain the benefits of tourism in poorer countries. (6 marks) Annotate the parts of the question which have been boxed or underlined. Decide what your three benefits will be using page 300 of the textbook. You describe three basic impacts of tourism in poorer countries. There are mistakes in your SPaG. You use because and this means that to explain three impacts of tourism in poorer countries. Your SPaG is accurate.

5. Swap your answer with your partner and use the examples to decide which criteria there work best fits. You describe three basic impacts of tourism in poorer countries. There are mistakes in your SPaG. You use because and this means that to explain three impacts of tourism in poorer countries. Your SPaG is accurate. Tourism has many positive impacts for the world’s poorer countries. For example many local people are employed as waiters. Tourism has many positive impacts for the world’s poorer countries. For example many local people are employed as waiters. This means that they pay tax and this goes into the local economy for development.

6. What factors would influence tourism growth in UK? Discuss in pairs the factors that would influence the number of tourists visiting a destination. Hint: Think of global factors that are in the news or would impact money and transport. C grade Describe the factor. B grade Explain how the factor influences tourism. A grade Give an example of the factor. Volcanic eruption Prevents planes flying Icelandic volcano 2010

7. Model Answer Terrorism The destruction of the world trade center in New York on the 11 th September had a huge impact on travel. The UK and USA have stepped up security check as a result, especially at airports. London is a terrorist target; the underground bombing of 2005 is an example. In the aftermath of such events visitor numbers decline sharply. Exchange rates and the banking crisis Currency exchange rates control value for money for tourists on holiday. In 2008 the euro was high against the pound, so holidaying in the Eurozone became expensive. At the same time the US dollar was almost 2 to the pounds making the USA a more attractive destination. The banking crisis of 2008 meant that a lot of people had a lot less money to spend. People reduce the number of holidays they take or may even manage without one. On the other hand the weaker pound could attract more foreign visitors. Explain two external factors that can influence the number of tourism arrivals. (4 marks)

8. What are the implications of the growth of tourism?

9. What is the Butler Model? Key Idea: In 1980, R.W. Butler developed a geographical model for resort development. The model has seven stages which he believes resorts go through as they become tourist destinations. This model can be applied to many tourist destinations in both HICs and LICs. What are the implications of the growth of tourism?

10. Small numbers of tourists begin to EXPLORE the area. There are few facilities. The local people realise the economic potential or tourism and become INVOLVED. The local government realises the potential of tourism and DEVELOPS the area. Control moves from the locals to big companies. There are more and more facilities built. In groups map the Butler model from memory. Each person will see this model for 1 minute. The area has reached a period of CONSOLIDATION with tourism. It is still a large part of the economy but numbers are starting to level off. Visitors number have peaked and begin to STAGNATE. Facilities are no longer as good and tourists have had a negative impact on the environment and are making the area less attractive. New facilities and the area attracts more visitors. Fewer visitors come as the area is less attractive and so the area becomes run- down and tourism and the area DECLINES. What are the implications of the growth of tourism?

12. Why did the resort go into decline? What are the implications of the growth of tourism?

13. What strategies were used to rejuvenate the resort? Use the information sheets around the room to create asset of notes What are the implications of the growth of tourism?

14. Blackpool welcomes its newest attraction to its world famous Pleasure Beach. Nickelodeon Land is a 6 acre site set within the world famous theme park and features 9 brand new rides and another 5 re-themed existing rides, plus retail outlets and eateries. One of the main attractions is SpongeBobs Splash Bash where interactive rides let users turn jets of water on their friends and blast wobbling jellyfish out of the water. Visitors can also take a crazy bus tour through Bikini Bottom or visit the Krusty Krab where Mr Krabs will lead you on a thrilling ride. The new development at Blackpool Pleasure Beach will be part-funded by Blackpool Council, which has agreed to loan the park £5 million at a commercial rate of interest. The council hopes that the project will help generate 274 additional jobs, as well as increasing visitor spend in other areas of the coastal resort.

15. Stanley Park is park in the town of Blackpool on the Fylde coast. It is the largest park in the town and covers an area of 256 acres The northern part of the park is dominated by the 18-hole golf course which, although it is home to Blackpool Park Golf Club, remains a municipal facility. This area also contains the larger of the two rose gardens, six bowling greens and the park's central cafe. Blackpool Council and the Friends of Stanley Park organise a large programme of historical and nature walks and talks as well as sporting activities, musical events and children's entertainment.

16. The Blackpool tramway runs from Blackpool to Fleetwood and is the only surviving first-generation tramway in the United Kingdom. The tramway dates back to 1885 and is one of the oldest electric tramways in the world. As of 2012, the network also uses a fleet of 'supertrams'. The tramway runs for 11 miles (18 km) and carries 6,500,000 passengers each year. During the Illuminations, specially decorated trams carry passengers on the promenade along the illuminated area, which runs from Starr Gate to Bispham. Fleetwood was the only town in England to retain trams running down the main street. [ Each year the Fleetwood Transport Festival, known locally as Tram Sunday, is held on the third Sunday in July. The festival celebrated its 21st anniversary in 2005.

17. After a deal between Blackpool Council and Merlin Entertainments, the town's Louis Tussauds Waxworks – where the world's most recognisable faces have regularly been made unrecognisable – will be turned into Britain's second Madame Tussauds. Mr Varney said: “This is a very innovative and ground-breaking initiative by Blackpool Council, and a measure of just how seriously they take the regeneration of the town. We are delighted to be playing a key role. From 2011 no other UK European centre other than London will be able to offer such a broad selection of international attraction brands. This will help take what is already one of the best loved, and in our view most iconic, seaside destinations in Europe into the premier league as an exceptional new family holiday destination." Sir Howard Bernstein, chairman of Blackpool, said he expected the agreement to provide a "significant increase in jobs and visitor numbers and will weld together all the other valuable projects and programmes which are designed to make Blackpool an attractive place to live, visit and invest."

18. Snowdonia National Park Tourism is really important to the economy. There are 8 million visitors a year and half of them stay over night. 5,000 jobs are linked to it with the industry being worth £180 million a year for the area. Issues: Congestion as 92% travel by bar. Footpath erosion in honeypot sites. Parking on grass verges Not shutting gates and letting the cattle roam causes issues for farmers. 20% houses are holiday homes. 19% of jobs are seasonal Management: Litter: £50 pound fine it caught dropping litter. Traffic: Dual carriageways have been built on the outskirts to help traffic move in and out easier. Park and ride schemes have been introduced. Honeypot sites: Stone pitching used to strengthen the paths. Costs £1000a meter to repair. Parking: Fenced verges and new car parks Second homes: Only advertising homes in local areas. Opportunities Farmers open B&Bs Increase of jobs Diversification of land e.g. paintballing. What are the implications of the growth of tourism?

19. Using a case study you have studied explain how tourism impacts can be managed in a National Park. (6 marks) (1-4 marks) You describe the ways in which tourism impacts can be managed. Some mistakes in SPaG. (5-6 marks) You explain the advantages and disadvantages of a range of management methods. Your make clear links between ideas. Accurate SPaG.

20. How can we encourage tourism to Snowdonia? StrategyHow will this help? Who will like it? Improved public transport Widespread advertising opening of Plas Heli, the brand-new Welsh National Sailing Academy and Events Centre. New underground Victorian Mine Tour Encourage tourism outside the National Park. (Bangor, Caernafon) What are the implications of the growth of tourism?

21. How did mass tourism begin? It is believed it started in the 1960s in the ‘Costas’ of Spain, Benidorm for example. The growth of mass tourism led to places along the Mediterranean having huge renovations. Where vine-yards and fishing harbours once where, were replaced with a concrete jungle of high-rise flats, apartments, roads, hotels, airports and enlarged harbours for yachts. Most buildings in mass tourism resorts are high rise flats as it is cheaper to build up than across. It also means that more visitors can be accommodated in the area. There is usually a particular purpose for Mass tourism and a particular type of location, for example skiing in a mountain resort or sunbathing at a beach location. Many countries and regions want to develop mass tourism because they believe it will bring many advantages.

22. Issues of such developments. With such developments ‘popping up’ all over the Mediterranean resorts, numerous economic losses can be seen, along with the gains that are made. The local people suffer the most, and often the older people in the community. The elderly are less able to cope with the changes. They loose social ties and cultural traditions become lost. Few local employees are well paid in mass tourism resorts and the work is often seasonal. The industry is dominated by large travel companies who sell package holidays by brochure or the internet. New constructions can damage the environment and environmental gains are only really made when the environment needs to be improved after the damage has been done. This also takes up land and sometimes farmers are tempted to sell their land which takes up land that could have been used to produce food. Lastly, culture clashes can occur particularly in party areas where their can be problems with drugs and alcohol.

23. Who gains more from tourism? It is believed that richer countries make more money. This is because when we book a holiday we use UK based travel agents, and then our flights are UK or European based, and the hotels we stay in would either be American or European based. Tourism brings lots of jobs to the area and people who previously relied on farming or labouring gain regular work with a more reliable wage. New infrastructure must be put in place to accommodate tourists. This includes airports, new roads and facilities. These will also benefit the locals themselves. The economy greatly benefits from tourism through taxation, the creation of jobs and spending money in shops, hotels and attractions.

24. What attracts people to Jamaica?  Tropical climate  Sandy beaches  Wildlife reserves/bird sanctuaries  Blue Mountains  Caves  Golf  Water sports e.g. deep sea fishing Mass Tourism- Jamaica Negative impact of mass tourism  Day trips to dive/snorkel pollute the sea with motor fuel  Tourists feet damage the coral when snorkeling  Many jobs are seasonal  Crime rates have increased and there are increasing problems with drugs and drug related crime  Jamaica has problems dealing with the levels of waste and rubbish during peak tourist seasons and providing enough clean drinking water. Strategies to maintain tourism and reduce its negative effects  A recent trend has been the growth in community tourism. This involves local people directly because visitors become a part of their home and village during their stay. Families provide bed and breakfast accommodation and other local businesses, such as restaurants and bars, supply their other needs. This type of holiday provides greater interaction between locals and tourists and supports local businesses and uses fewer resources. Money goes to local people, not international companies  Ecotourism is developing (eco-lodges and nature reserves) and this utilises the inland area of the island such as the Blue Mountains as well as parts of the coast, spreading tourists further around the island. Tourist densities are kept low in these areas, which keeps pressure off the environment.

25. Use a case study to explain why an area in the tropics attracts a large number of tourists. (8 marks) A case study is required here so at least a name is required to access Level 2. Accept physical and human attractions. Simple statements largely generic and no reference to a named example. There are beautiful beaches. The climate is hot. There are opportunities to see native culture. Infrastructural improvements. Investment in facilities such as hotels. Level 1 (Basic) 1-4 marks Level 2 (Clear) 5-6 marks Linked statements with still largely generic descriptions but which are relevant to the named examples. Barbados has the warm sea and beautiful beaches of the Caribbean. In Kenya it is possible to see wild animals on a safari drive. Detailed case study exemplification. Kenya has some of the most accessible game parks in the world. It is possible to see the ‘Big Five’ – elephant, lion, leopard, buffalo and rhino. There is stunning scenery with savanna grassland and the mountainous region around Mount Kenya. Along the coast near Mombasa there is white coral and the warm waters of the Indian Ocean. The native Masai give demonstrations of their traditional way of life so it is possible to see a very different culture. Level 3 (Clear) 5-6 marks

26. Add to your spider diagram to show the physical and human ‘pull’ factors of Jamaica. Colour code each. Use page 311 of the AQA text What are the implications of the growth of tourism?

27. Sort the impacts into positive and negative. Ext. Is mass tourism really a good thing for Jamaica? 1.Explain economic leakage and how it affects Jamiaca Read page 312- 2. Define Community tourism 3.Why is this beneficial to local people?

28. Use a case study to explain why an area in the tropics attracts a large number of tourists. (8 marks) A case study is required here so at least a name is required to access Level 2. Accept physical and human attractions. Simple statements largely generic and no reference to a named example. There are beautiful beaches. The climate is hot. There are opportunities to see native culture. Infrastructural improvements. Investment in facilities such as hotels. Level 1 (Basic) 1-4 marks Level 2 (Clear) 5-6 marks Linked statements with still largely generic descriptions but which are relevant to the named examples. Barbados has the warm sea and beautiful beaches of the Caribbean. In Kenya it is possible to see wild animals on a safari drive. Detailed case study exemplification. Kenya has some of the most accessible game parks in the world. It is possible to see the ‘Big Five’ – elephant, lion, leopard, buffalo and rhino. There is stunning scenery with savanna grassland and the mountainous region around Mount Kenya. Along the coast near Mombasa there is white coral and the warm waters of the Indian Ocean. The native Masai give demonstrations of their traditional way of life so it is possible to see a very different culture. Level 3 (Clear) 5-6 marks

29. Explain how mass tourism may damage the environment of areas such as the coast of Jamaica. (6 marks) Simple statements, which may be generic or straight lifts from the figure. Wildlife disappeared. Clearance of the natural vegetation. Destruction of the coral. Linked statements, which relate to the threat to the environment due to the pressures of mass tourism. With large numbers of visitors the local people will want to earn money by providing opportunities for the visitors to visit the coral reef. This may lead to damaging of the reef due to the anchors rubbing away at the live coral. The emphasis needs to be on mass tourism so the answer must emphasise the impact of large numbers of people or the changes to the infrastructure/environment as the result of the need to accommodate large numbers of people. No credit for global warming. Level 2 (Clear) 5-6 marks Level 1 (Basic) 1-4 marks

30. What is ecotourism? Watch this video and write down what makes ecotourism different to a normal holiday.this video What are the implications of the growth of tourism?

31. Ecotourism is tourism that doesn’t harm the environment and benefits the local people. Ecotourism involves: Conservation-protecting and managing the environment. Stewardship-taking responsibility for conserving the environment. Ideally conservation and stewardship should involve local people and local organisations so that local people benefit from tourists. Ecotourism is usually a small scale activity, with only small numbers of visitors going to an area at a time. This helps keep the environmental impact of tourism low.

32. CASE STUDY: The Galapagos Islands Where are the islands? There are 50 islands which lie 1000km off the coast of S. America, which belong to Ecuador How does ecotourism benefit the islands? ENVIRONMENTALLY 90% of the islands have been given National Park or marine reserve protection. The islands became the first Unesco World Heritage Site in 1979. Tourists visit under strict rules and arrive mainly by small ships which allow people onshore only at specific locations in limited numbers Tour boats have professional guides who give visitors accurate information and prevent tourists from causing damage ECONOMIC TO LOCAL ECONOMY/INDIVIDUALS Local businesses have been started to provide for the needs of tourists e.g. tour boats owned by locals take 10-16 tourists around and between islands Tourists stay in small guest houses, often run as family businesses People are employed in guest houses, on boats and as guides. Many visitors give tips, which go directly to local people.

33. 8 marks What are the implications of the growth of tourism?

34. CASE STUDY: Antarctica Impacts of extreme tourism  The impact of tourists in some places is too great. Animals, especially penguins and seals, are disturbed by more than a few people. Not used to humans, they do not like to be touched. If they leave as a result, they may abandon eggs and young.  There have been accidents when ships have hit rocks and ice floes  Oil spills are becoming an increasing hazard for wildlife  Landing sites are chosen for a special feature, so quickly become honeypots  There is the threat of domestic waste from ships entering the food chain Strategies to cope with the development of tourism  All tour operators are members of IAATO which directs tourism to be safe and environmentally friendly  Visitors are not allowed to visit Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in order to conserve precious wildlife and landscapes and are given instructions on behavior when ashore and rules regarding wildlife observation  A permit must be gained for any activities on the continent e.g. skiing/walking/kayaking/scuba diving/helicopter flights etc.  Ships can only land at certain places and there must not be more than 20 people at one spot at a time  No ship carrying over 500 passengers can land in Antarctica  Cruises are largely educational in nature, so tend to only attract real enthusiasts