1. Tourism Models You will learn: Britton’s Core-Periphery Enclave Model
Butler’s Life Cycle Model
How areas progress through Butler’s model

2. Core Periphery Enclave Model
Explains social influences of tourism on developing nations and the role of tourism in economic development
Developed by Britton (1981)

3. The model
States:
Flow of tourists from developed countries (CORE) into developing countries (PERIPHERY)
Tour operators / airlines / hotel owners tend to be located in the CORE hence developed countries control the tourism industry
ENCLAVES
Model states there are enclaves (area within a developing country designated for tourism)
These ensure tourists have minimal contact with local residents and hence little experience of the reality of these people’s lives

4. Butler Based on MEDC tourism Life Cycle of a Resort
Tourism viewed as a resource
6 Stages
Exploration
Involvement
Development
Consolidation
Stagnation
Decline OR Rejuvenation

5. The Butler Model

6. Exploration
Small number of tourist attracted by culture / natural beauty
Limited numbers
Few facilities exist

7. Involvement
Some involvement by locals to provide tourists with facilities
Recognisable tourist season
Developing tourism market

8. Development Large numbers of tourists
Control of market moves from locals to external bodies e.g. TNC’s
Conflict between residents and tourists

9. Consolidation Tourism constitutes major part of economy
Tourist numbers plateau
Older facilities seen as “second rate”

10. Stagnation
Peak tourist numbers reached
Resort no longer fashionable

11. Decline OR Rejuvenation
Attractiveness continues to decline
Visitors lost to other resorts / destinations
Resort becomes dependant on day / weekend visitors from limited geographical area
Unless efforts made to modernise and rejuvenate resort will continue to decline

12. Case Study
Spain - Costa del Sol

13. Development & Consolidation
Exploration
1960’s only 0.4 million tourists to the Costa del Sol, visiting for the beach holidays
Involvement
1970's numbers rose to 3 million.
Farmland built on, infrastructure improved.
Transition from resource based to demand based
Development & Consolidation
1980’s numbers rocketed to 7 million (carrying capacity reached)
Clubs, bars, restaurants and more hotels were built, leading to environmental degradation.

14. Stagnation
Late 1980’s area began to stagnate, and was no longer fashionable.
Attractive mountainous area blocked by large hotel developments,
Beaches dirty from litter left by tourists
Polluted from excessive sewage.
Strain on resources e.g. water
It takes gallons to run a luxury hotel for a day.

15. Decline OR Rejuvenation??
1990s Costa del Sol began rejuvenation.
Beaches tidied &achieved EU Blue Flag
VAT cut to 6% to encourage tourists and businesses
Tourism began to diversify to eco tourism and heritage tourism.
Development of Coto Donana national park to 'Costa Donana’ abandoned
Wetland area popular with rare birds
Previous development had seen a drop in the water table and the death of wild birds form pesticide contamination

16. Spanish Tourism Today
Tourism spread more inland to Madrid and Barcelona
Historical & City based tourism gains popularity
Culturally diverse areas such as Almeria have also gained popularity
Spain has not seen a decline in tourism, but a spatial change moving inland
Costa Del Sol

17. Task!!
Using an A3 copy of the Butler Model create a “living graph” showing the full life cycle of the Costa del Sol Tourist area
You must add detail about specific issues in the area: e.g. changes in tourism, local employment, holiday accommodation, infrastructure, landscape and environment including waste and resource management, prices, impacts of “globalisation” or more specifically “Anglicanisation”, changing type of tourists on the Costa, etc, etc