1. Challenges to Effective Policing Chapter 6

2. Be a U.S. Citizen Not have been convicted of a felony Have or be eligible to have a driver’s license in the state where the department is located Be at least twenty-one years of age Common Minimum Requirements for Police Employment

3. A Written Exam that attempts to measure the applicant’s ability to comprehend certain situations or process information. Physical Agility Exams that assess basic strength and endurance and job related skills that are necessary for the day-to-day operations of a police officer. Psychological Exams that attempt to assess if an applicant’s personality is suited to the rigors of police work. Testing Police Applicants

4. Police administrators would be remiss if they did not attempt to determine if police applicants had something in their background that would render them unfit for police service. Background checks generally entail: Drug tests Review of applicants records regarding: Military Driving Credit Background Check of Police Applicants

5. Interviews with: Spouses (even ex-spouses) Previous employers Others as determined appropriate to background findings Formal police records check(s) including an FBI file inquiry. Background Check of Police Applicants (cont.)

6. Some believe there are numerous advantages: Produces responsibility Helps communication Helps coping with stress Helps handle difficult situations Others believe empirical research does not prove advantages exist: Educated police are not superior as seen from the client point of view. Fewer citizen complaints but more internal complaints. Education and the Police

7. Law of arrest, search, seizure and interrogation Weapons use Crime scene preservation Witness interviewing First aid Report writing Physical training and more The Police Academy

8. Generally comes after the academy Rookies teamed with more seasoned officers Veterans help teach techniques Recruits are further socialized into the subculture Field Training

9. The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 set the stage for affirmative action in hiring and promotion in law enforcement. In the late 1960s African Americans represented only 5 percent of all sworn officers in the United States and the percentage of women in blue was even less. Minority groups and Women in Law Enforcement

10. Response time Arrest rates Public fear of crime Citizen Satisfaction Police Organization and Efficiency: Traditional “Yardsticks”

11. Community policing is a police “philosophy” that emphasizes community support for and cooperation with the police in preventing crime. Community policing stresses a police role that is less centralized and more proactive than reform era policing strategies. Community Policing

12. Based on the premise that police departments were devoting too many of their resources to reacting to calls for service and too little to “acting on their own initiative to prevent or reduce community problems” Problem Oriented Policing

13. A problem is something that concerns the community not just police officers A problem is a group or pattern of incidents Police must be aware of competing interests, and respect them in dealing with the problem Problem solving is a long-term strategy Problem solving requires an increased level of creativity and initiative on the part of the patrol officers Principles of Problem Oriented Policing

14. Part of Problem Oriented Policing This concept concentrates on a relatively few locations that produce a significant portion of all police calls Hot Spots of Crime

15. Neighborhood disorder creates fear Neighborhoods give out crime- promoting signals Police need citizen’s cooperation “Broken Windows Model”

16. Variations in patrol techniques (normal, proactive, and reactive) had very little effect on crime and citizens’ attitudes towards the police Does Patrol Work: The Kansas City Study

17. To prevent an escape To retake a suspect after an escape attempt To overcome an offender’s resistance to a lawful arrest To protect the officer from bodily harm To protect the suspect, other persons, or property from harm When is Police Use of Force OK?

18. Continuum of Force Officers presence Verbal Hands on Intermediate Weapons Deadly Weapons

19. Tennessee v. Garner (1985) When the suspect poses no immediate threat to the officer and no threat to others, the use of deadly force is unjustified….It is not better that all felony suspects die than that they escape. 23 States had to change their laws. Deadly Force

20. Bribery – Money or other forms of payment for favors Shakedowns – Attempts to coerce money or goods from a citizen or criminal Mooching – Free “gifts” for favorable treatment Types of Police Corruption