1. The Cold War 1945-1989

2. Roots of the Cold War Teheran Conference, 1943 Teheran Conference, 1943 USSR guaranteed to be only power to liberate Eastern Europe USSR guaranteed to be only power to liberate Eastern Europe Yalta Conference, 1945 Yalta Conference, 1945 Stalin pledged to allow democratic elections in E. Europe (but later reneged) Stalin pledged to allow democratic elections in E. Europe (but later reneged) Germany would be divided into four zones controlled by U.S., France, Britain and USSR Germany would be divided into four zones controlled by U.S., France, Britain and USSR After war, Soviets dominated their zone and did not allow reunification of Germany After war, Soviets dominated their zone and did not allow reunification of Germany

3. East/West Germany

4. Potsdam Conference Potsdam Conference, 1945 Potsdam Conference, 1945 Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe but Stalin refused Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe but Stalin refused Stalin wanted a "buffer zone" between Germany and USSR for protection against future war Stalin wanted a "buffer zone" between Germany and USSR for protection against future war

6. U.S. Perspective Stalin seemed intent on creating "spheres" of influence in Eastern Europe Stalin seemed intent on creating "spheres" of influence in Eastern Europe Broke pledges at Yalta; refused to allow reunification of Germany Broke pledges at Yalta; refused to allow reunification of Germany U.S. wanted democracy spread throughout the world with a strong international organization to maintain global peace U.S. wanted democracy spread throughout the world with a strong international organization to maintain global peace

7. Soviet View Democracy was traditionally hostile towards communism and the USSR Democracy was traditionally hostile towards communism and the USSR Archangel expedition during WWI Archangel expedition during WWI Non-recognition by U.S. until 1933 Non-recognition by U.S. until 1933 US & Britain did not open western front in Europe early enough US & Britain did not open western front in Europe early enough Millions of Soviet soldiers were dying fighting the brunt of Nazi armies alone until mid-1944. Millions of Soviet soldiers were dying fighting the brunt of Nazi armies alone until mid-1944. The US and Britain froze Russia out of the atomic bomb project The US and Britain froze Russia out of the atomic bomb project US terminated lend-lease to Moscow in May 1945 but gave Britain aid until 1946. US terminated lend-lease to Moscow in May 1945 but gave Britain aid until 1946. Wanted "buffer zone" for the Soviet western border Wanted "buffer zone" for the Soviet western border

8. Partition of Germany USSR, U.S., Britain & France would each occupy a part of Germany USSR, U.S., Britain & France would each occupy a part of Germany Would allow for German reunification once it was no longer a threat Would allow for German reunification once it was no longer a threat

9. Reparations Germany was to pay heavy reparations to USSR in form of agricultural and industrial goods Germany was to pay heavy reparations to USSR in form of agricultural and industrial goods Soviets dominated their Eastern German zone Soviets dominated their Eastern German zone Did not want revitalized Germany so it couldn’t be a threat again Did not want revitalized Germany so it couldn’t be a threat again Stripped E. Germany of much of its resources. Stripped E. Germany of much of its resources. U.S. and W. Europeans felt German economy vital to recovery of Europe U.S. and W. Europeans felt German economy vital to recovery of Europe

10. West Germany 1949, West Germany became an independent country when US, France and Britain gave back each of their zones 1949, West Germany became an independent country when US, France and Britain gave back each of their zones Federal Republic of Germany – led by Konrad Adenauer Federal Republic of Germany – led by Konrad Adenauer Christian Democrats became West Germany’s majority party for a generation Christian Democrats became West Germany’s majority party for a generation

11. East Germany 1949, East Germany was formally established 1949, East Germany was formally established Democratic Republic of Germany led by Walter Ulbricht Democratic Republic of Germany led by Walter Ulbricht Had a communist regime influenced by Moscow Had a communist regime influenced by Moscow

12. Containment By 1947, US pledged to prevent further spread of communism By 1947, US pledged to prevent further spread of communism “The process of enclosing or containing hazardous substances in a structure, typically in ponds and lagoons, to prevent the migration of contaminants into the environment” “The process of enclosing or containing hazardous substances in a structure, typically in ponds and lagoons, to prevent the migration of contaminants into the environment”

13. Western Actions Truman Doctrine, 1947 Truman Doctrine, 1947 U.S. gave aid to Greece and Turkey to defeat communist forces there. U.S. gave aid to Greece and Turkey to defeat communist forces there. Marshall Plan, 1947 Marshall Plan, 1947 Aid package to help Europe recover from the war Aid package to help Europe recover from the war Purpose – prevent communism from spreading into economically devastated regions Purpose – prevent communism from spreading into economically devastated regions Result – Western & Central Europe recovered economically -- the "economic miracle" Result – Western & Central Europe recovered economically -- the "economic miracle" Soviets refused to allow U.S. aid to countries in eastern Europe Soviets refused to allow U.S. aid to countries in eastern Europe

14. More Western Action Berlin Crisis (1948-49) Berlin Crisis (1948-49) Soviets attempted to remove Allies from Berlin by cutting off access Soviets attempted to remove Allies from Berlin by cutting off access U.S. instituted a massive airlift; Soviets lifted blockade in 1949 U.S. instituted a massive airlift; Soviets lifted blockade in 1949 One of high tension points of the Cold War One of high tension points of the Cold War

15. Berlin Airlift

16. More Western Action North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed in 1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed in 1949 Collective security organization consisting of democracies in Europe, U.S. & Canada to prevent Soviet expansion in Europe Collective security organization consisting of democracies in Europe, U.S. & Canada to prevent Soviet expansion in Europe

17. Eastern Bloc Eastern Bloc Eastern Bloc Countries in Eastern Europe dominated by the Soviet Union after WWII Countries in Eastern Europe dominated by the Soviet Union after WWII Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Rumania & Bulgaria Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Rumania & Bulgaria Yugoslavia – not part of the Eastern Bloc Yugoslavia – not part of the Eastern Bloc Led by Marshal Tito Led by Marshal Tito Not dominated by the Soviets Not dominated by the Soviets Communist parties of eastern Europe established one-party states by 1948 Communist parties of eastern Europe established one-party states by 1948 Did this with the help of the Red Army & KGB Did this with the help of the Red Army & KGB

18. Eastern Recovery Postwar economic recovery in eastern Europe proceeded along Soviet lines Postwar economic recovery in eastern Europe proceeded along Soviet lines Changes were at a slow & uneven pace Changes were at a slow & uneven pace Came to a halt by the mid-1960s. Came to a halt by the mid-1960s. Czechoslovakia was the economic exception in E. Europe Czechoslovakia was the economic exception in E. Europe Had strong middle & industrial working classes Had strong middle & industrial working classes Had a political democracy between WWI & WWII Had a political democracy between WWI & WWII The Czech president proposed a social democracy while maintaining voluntary relations with the USSR The Czech president proposed a social democracy while maintaining voluntary relations with the USSR Stalin replaced gov’t in 1948 with 1-party communist rule to prevent Western influences Stalin replaced gov’t in 1948 with 1-party communist rule to prevent Western influences

19. USSR under Nikita Khrushchev A power struggle emerged after Stalin died in 1953 A power struggle emerged after Stalin died in 1953 Khrushchev emerged and realized reforms were needed Khrushchev emerged and realized reforms were needed Agriculture was poor, shortages of consumer goods and poor living conditions Agriculture was poor, shortages of consumer goods and poor living conditions Gosplan Gosplan Shift from heavy industry & military toward consumer goods and agriculture – Centralized Economic Planning Shift from heavy industry & military toward consumer goods and agriculture – Centralized Economic Planning

20. De-Stalinization Khrushchev took startling initiative against hard-liners by denouncing Stalin in a closed session Khrushchev took startling initiative against hard-liners by denouncing Stalin in a closed session His secret anti-Stalin speech was the most influential statement in Russia since Lenin addressed the crowd on arriving in 1917 His secret anti-Stalin speech was the most influential statement in Russia since Lenin addressed the crowd on arriving in 1917 Widespread fear of Stalin’s political terror resulted in less power for the secret police & the closure of forced labor camps Widespread fear of Stalin’s political terror resulted in less power for the secret police & the closure of forced labor camps

21. Russian Arts Great ferment in the arts (anti-Stalinist views tolerated) Great ferment in the arts (anti-Stalinist views tolerated) Boris Pasternak – Dr. Zhivago Boris Pasternak – Dr. Zhivago Story of prerevolutionary intellectual who rejects brutality of revolution of 1917 & Stalinism; even as he is destroyed, he triumphs for his humanity Story of prerevolutionary intellectual who rejects brutality of revolution of 1917 & Stalinism; even as he is destroyed, he triumphs for his humanity

22. Aleksandr Solzenitsyn One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Portrays in grim detail, life in Stalinist concentration camp (he had been a prisoner) Portrays in grim detail, life in Stalinist concentration camp (he had been a prisoner)

23. Hungarian Uprising Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non- communist parties be legalized Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non- communist parties be legalized This turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country This turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country They hoped the U.S. would come in and help achieve Hungarian independence They hoped the U.S. would come in and help achieve Hungarian independence Soviet tanks and troops responded by invading Hungary and crushing the democratic revolution Soviet tanks and troops responded by invading Hungary and crushing the democratic revolution

24. Western European Recovery Economic hardship after WWII made people believe Europe was finished Economic hardship after WWII made people believe Europe was finished Political restructuring was necessary Political restructuring was necessary Resulted in social & political reforms creating the foundations for a European renaissance Resulted in social & political reforms creating the foundations for a European renaissance

25. The Fourth Republic In France General Charles De Gaulle, inspiring wartime leader of Free French, re-established free and democratic Fourth Republic In France General Charles De Gaulle, inspiring wartime leader of Free French, re-established free and democratic Fourth Republic Great Britain followed the same trend Great Britain followed the same trend

26. “Economic Miracle” “Economic Miracle” – Europe entered period of rapid economic progress lasting into late 1960s “Economic Miracle” – Europe entered period of rapid economic progress lasting into late 1960s By 1963, western Europe produced more than 2.5X more than before the war By 1963, western Europe produced more than 2.5X more than before the war Causes by Marshall Plan and Korean War Causes by Marshall Plan and Korean War Marshall Plan aid helped western Europe begin recovery in 1947 Marshall Plan aid helped western Europe begin recovery in 1947 Korean War in 1950 stimulated economic activity Korean War in 1950 stimulated economic activity

27. The European Common Market Economic growth became a basic objective of all western European governments Economic growth became a basic objective of all western European governments Governments accepted Keynesian economics to stimulate their economies Governments accepted Keynesian economics to stimulate their economies Many economic barriers eliminated and a large unified market emerged – Common Market Many economic barriers eliminated and a large unified market emerged – Common Market Germany and France were especially successful and influential Germany and France were especially successful and influential

28. European Unity Council of Europe created in 1948 Council of Europe created in 1948 The hope was that the Council evolve into a true European parliament but it did not The hope was that the Council evolve into a true European parliament but it did not The (French) Schuman Plan created the European Coal and Steel Community in 1950 The (French) Schuman Plan created the European Coal and Steel Community in 1950 West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, & Luxembourg West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, & Luxembourg Britain refused to enter Britain refused to enter Immediate economic goal – single competitive market w/o tariffs or quotas Immediate economic goal – single competitive market w/o tariffs or quotas Long Term political goal – bind six nations so economically close together that war among them would become impossible Long Term political goal – bind six nations so economically close together that war among them would become impossible

29. European Economic Community (EEC) The Treaty of Rome created the EEC or Common Market The Treaty of Rome created the EEC or Common Market Signed by same six nations in the Schuman Plan Signed by same six nations in the Schuman Plan First goal of treaty – reduction of all tariffs among the six in order to create a single market as large as the U.S. First goal of treaty – reduction of all tariffs among the six in order to create a single market as large as the U.S. EEC encouraged hopes of political and economic union EEC encouraged hopes of political and economic union

30. COMECON Communist states responded by forming their own economic association - COMECON Communist states responded by forming their own economic association - COMECON

31. The Fifth Republic France stepped back from European unity France stepped back from European unity General De Gaulle established the Fifth French Republic and ruled as president until 1969 General De Gaulle established the Fifth French Republic and ruled as president until 1969 Withdrew France from "US controlled" NATO and developed own nuclear weapons program Withdrew France from "US controlled" NATO and developed own nuclear weapons program

32. Maastricht Treaty – 1991 A radical revision of the EEC A radical revision of the EEC Placed the European Union (EU) into effect in 1993 Placed the European Union (EU) into effect in 1993 Eurodollar became the single currency of the EU in 1999 integrating the currency of 11 nations Eurodollar became the single currency of the EU in 1999 integrating the currency of 11 nations By 2007 the EU had 27 members By 2007 the EU had 27 members

33. Energy Crises of the 1970s Postwar economic boom was fueled by cheap oil, especially in western Europe Postwar economic boom was fueled by cheap oil, especially in western Europe 1973 – OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) increased oil prices in Europe in retaliation for their support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War 1973 – OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) increased oil prices in Europe in retaliation for their support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War 1979 – Second price increase during Iranian Revolution hurt progress again 1979 – Second price increase during Iranian Revolution hurt progress again "Stagflation" hit in the mid 1970s "Stagflation" hit in the mid 1970s Increased prices and increased unemployment Increased prices and increased unemployment

34. Science and Technology WWII was the first time “pure theoretical” science and “practical” technology (”applied science”) effectively joined together on massive scale WWII was the first time “pure theoretical” science and “practical” technology (”applied science”) effectively joined together on massive scale British scientists developed radar British scientists developed radar Germany developed jet aircraft Germany developed jet aircraft Electronic computers were developed Electronic computers were developed

35. Manhattan Project The atomic bomb most spectacular result of scientific research during the war The atomic bomb most spectacular result of scientific research during the war Overseen by J. Robert Oppenheimer Overseen by J. Robert Oppenheimer

36. “Big Science” “Big Science” became new model for science after WWII “Big Science” became new model for science after WWII It combined theoretical work with sophisticated engineering on a large scale It combined theoretical work with sophisticated engineering on a large scale Usually done by a huge organization Usually done by a huge organization Led by the U.S. Led by the U.S. Science was not demobilized after WWII Science was not demobilized after WWII Large portion of all postwar scientific research went for “defense” (25%!) Large portion of all postwar scientific research went for “defense” (25%!)

37. The Space Race Space Race – a Cold War competition to achieve technological superiority Space Race – a Cold War competition to achieve technological superiority 1957, USSR launched Sputnik, an orbiting satellite 1957, USSR launched Sputnik, an orbiting satellite Used long-range rockets to achieve orbit Used long-range rockets to achieve orbit

38. NASA The US feared that the Soviets could now launch a nuclear missile into space The US feared that the Soviets could now launch a nuclear missile into space Resulted in development of ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) Resulted in development of ICBMs (Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles) U.S. countered with NASA & vastly increased educational funding for science U.S. countered with NASA & vastly increased educational funding for science

39. To the Moon 1961, Soviets sent world’s first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, into orbit 1961, Soviets sent world’s first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, into orbit President John F. Kennedy responded by increasing funds for space President John F. Kennedy responded by increasing funds for space 1969, Apollo Program put first man on the moon 1969, Apollo Program put first man on the moon

41. The “Brain Drain” The U.S. attracted many of Europe’s best scientists during 1950s & 1960s The U.S. attracted many of Europe’s best scientists during 1950s & 1960s Some Europeans feared Europe was falling behind U.S. in science, technology, and industry Some Europeans feared Europe was falling behind U.S. in science, technology, and industry

42. Innovations A post-WWII revitalized Europe pooled its resources together for Big Science projects A post-WWII revitalized Europe pooled its resources together for Big Science projects Concorde supersonic passenger airliner Concorde supersonic passenger airliner Peaceful uses of atomic energy Peaceful uses of atomic energy

43. Growth of the Scientific Community 4x as many scientists in Europe & North America in 1975 as in 1945 4x as many scientists in Europe & North America in 1975 as in 1945 Watson & Crick Watson & Crick Nobel Prize, 1962 Discovering structure of DNA Nobel Prize, 1962 Discovering structure of DNA

44. Class Structure The rise of the middle-class was due to increased access to higher education The rise of the middle-class was due to increased access to higher education Causes for change in rise of middle class Causes for change in rise of middle class Rapid industrial and technological expansion created in large corporations and gov’t. agencies Rapid industrial and technological expansion created in large corporations and gov’t. agencies Created a large demand for technologists and managers Created a large demand for technologists and managers Structure of lower classes also became more flexible and open Structure of lower classes also became more flexible and open

45. Welfare European governments reduced class tensions by: European governments reduced class tensions by: Further expanding social security: Further expanding social security: Health care, family allowances, maternity grants, public housing Health care, family allowances, maternity grants, public housing

46. Consumerism Consumerism worked to level Western society Consumerism worked to level Western society Sparked by rising standard of living Sparked by rising standard of living Gave more people a disposable income Gave more people a disposable income European automobile industry expanded phenomenally European automobile industry expanded phenomenally

47. Gadget Revolution Like US, Europeans bought washing machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, dishwashers, radios, TVs, and stereos Like US, Europeans bought washing machines, vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, dishwashers, radios, TVs, and stereos Purchasing greatly facilitated by installment purchasing Purchasing greatly facilitated by installment purchasing

48. Leisure Time Leisure and recreation became big business as workers worked fewer hours Leisure and recreation became big business as workers worked fewer hours Soccer matches, horse races, movies, TV, commercialized hobbies Soccer matches, horse races, movies, TV, commercialized hobbies Increased attendance in cultural events Increased attendance in cultural events Concerts and exhibitions Concerts and exhibitions

49. Travel The travel industry boomed The travel industry boomed Before WWII travel for pleasure was largely aristocratic Before WWII travel for pleasure was largely aristocratic Paid vacations required by law in most countries Paid vacations required by law in most countries

50. Counter-Culture Counter-Culture: rebellion against parents, authority figures and status quo Counter-Culture: rebellion against parents, authority figures and status quo Counter-Culture Baby boom after WWII developed distinctive and international youth culture Baby boom after WWII developed distinctive and international youth culture New generation influenced by revival of leftist thought created a “counter-culture” New generation influenced by revival of leftist thought created a “counter-culture” Rebelled against conformity and boredom of middle-class suburbs Rebelled against conformity and boredom of middle-class suburbs Increased sexual behavior among many young people during the ‘60s and ‘70s Increased sexual behavior among many young people during the ‘60s and ‘70s Age of first sexual experienced reduced significantly Age of first sexual experienced reduced significantly

52. Causes of the Int’l. Youth Movement Mass communication and youth travel linked countries and continents together Mass communication and youth travel linked countries and continents together Postwar prosperity and greater equality gave youth more purchasing power than ever Postwar prosperity and greater equality gave youth more purchasing power than ever Youth set mass trends and fads in everything from music to chemical stimulants Youth set mass trends and fads in everything from music to chemical stimulants High demand for workers meant youth had little need to fear punishment from employers for unconventional behavior High demand for workers meant youth had little need to fear punishment from employers for unconventional behavior

53. Student Revolts Caused by opposition to U.S. war in Vietnam Caused by opposition to U.S. war in Vietnam Believed older generation & U.S. fighting immoral & imperialistic war against Vietnam Believed older generation & U.S. fighting immoral & imperialistic war against Vietnam Students in western Europe rejected U.S. materialism Students in western Europe rejected U.S. materialism Also believed that postwar society was repressive and flawed Also believed that postwar society was repressive and flawed Problems in higher education Problems in higher education Classes overcrowded Classes overcrowded Competition for grades intensified Competition for grades intensified

54. French Student Revolt Students took over the university clashing with police Students took over the university clashing with police Demanded changes in curriculum and a voice in running the university Demanded changes in curriculum and a voice in running the university They appealed to industrial workers for help They appealed to industrial workers for help Caused a spontaneous general strike spread across France Caused a spontaneous general strike spread across France De Gaulle called in troops and called for new elections (which he won decisively) De Gaulle called in troops and called for new elections (which he won decisively)

55. Women Marriage and motherhood Marriage and motherhood Motherhood occupied a smaller portion of life Motherhood occupied a smaller portion of life Birth control use increased with oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices Birth control use increased with oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices

56. The Workplace Women in the workplace Women in the workplace Rising employment of married women became a force for women’s equality and emancipation Rising employment of married women became a force for women’s equality and emancipation Rising employment of married women became a factor in the decline of the birthrate Rising employment of married women became a factor in the decline of the birthrate

57. Laws Against Discrimination “Equal pay for equalwork” “Equal pay for equalwork” Maternal leave Maternal leave Affordable day care Affordable day care Right to divorce (in some Catholic countries) Right to divorce (in some Catholic countries) Protection from rape and physical violence Protection from rape and physical violence Legalized abortion Legalized abortion Efforts to legalize abortion became a catalyst for mobilizing the women’s movement Efforts to legalize abortion became a catalyst for mobilizing the women’s movement

58. Women's Rights Movement Simone de Beauvoir : The Second Sex (1949) Simone de Beauvoir : The Second Sex (1949) Argued women were in essence free but had almost always been trapped by limiting conditions Argued women were in essence free but had almost always been trapped by limiting conditions Only action and creativity would allow freedom from their inferior role Only action and creativity would allow freedom from their inferior role Inspired a future generation of women's rights intellectuals Inspired a future generation of women's rights intellectuals

59. Betty Friedan The Feminine Mystique (1963) The Feminine Mystique (1963) Women were expected to conform to false, infantile pattern of femininity and live for their husbands and children Women were expected to conform to false, infantile pattern of femininity and live for their husbands and children Founded National Organization for Women (NOW); inspired Founded National Organization for Women (NOW); inspired

60. De-Colonization after WWII After WWII there was a total collapse of colonial empires After WWII there was a total collapse of colonial empires Between 1947 and 1962, almost every colonial territory gained independence Between 1947 and 1962, almost every colonial territory gained independence Causes Causes Modern nationalism and belief in self-determination and racial equality, spread from intellectuals to the masses in virtually every colonial territory after WWI Modern nationalism and belief in self-determination and racial equality, spread from intellectuals to the masses in virtually every colonial territory after WWI Decline of European prestige Decline of European prestige Japanese victories Japanese victories Destruction of Europe during WWII Destruction of Europe during WWII After 1945 Europe is more concerned about rebuilding After 1945 Europe is more concerned about rebuilding

61. India India played a key role in decolonization India played a key role in decolonization Exposure of young Indians to Western ideas of nationalism, socialism, and democracy led to demands for independence Exposure of young Indians to Western ideas of nationalism, socialism, and democracy led to demands for independence Mohandas K. Gandhi led independence movement with principle of passive resistance (civil disobedience) Mohandas K. Gandhi led independence movement with principle of passive resistance (civil disobedience)

62. Vietnam After Japan’s defeat the French tried to reassert control of Indochina After Japan’s defeat the French tried to reassert control of Indochina Ho Chi Minh led the independence movement in the north Ho Chi Minh led the independence movement in the north The French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu The French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu Vietnam was divided into North (communist) and South (pro-Western) Vietnam was divided into North (communist) and South (pro-Western) A civil war broke out A civil war broke out U.S. was defeated in attempt to prevent communist takeover of South Vietnam U.S. was defeated in attempt to prevent communist takeover of South Vietnam

63. Suez Crisis Arab defeat in 1948 by Israel triggered a nationalist revolution in Egypt in 1952 Arab defeat in 1948 by Israel triggered a nationalist revolution in Egypt in 1952 Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal It was the last symbol of Western power in the Middle East It was the last symbol of Western power in the Middle East France, Britain & Israel attacked Egypt, trying to take back control of canal France, Britain & Israel attacked Egypt, trying to take back control of canal The U.S. & Soviet Union demanded their withdrawal & canal remained under Egypt's control The U.S. & Soviet Union demanded their withdrawal & canal remained under Egypt's control

64. Algerian Crisis Algeria’s large French population considered Algeria an integral part of France Algeria’s large French population considered Algeria an integral part of France This led to war which is atypical of decolonization This led to war which is atypical of decolonization General De Gaulle, who had returned to power as part of movement to keep Algeria French, accepted principle of Algerian self-determination General De Gaulle, who had returned to power as part of movement to keep Algeria French, accepted principle of Algerian self-determination After more than a century of French rule Algeria became independent and the European population quickly fled After more than a century of French rule Algeria became independent and the European population quickly fled Crisis led to fall of the Fourth Republic and beginning of the Fifth Republic Crisis led to fall of the Fourth Republic and beginning of the Fifth Republic

65. Sub-Saharan Africa Decolonization proceeded much more smoothly than in northern Africa Decolonization proceeded much more smoothly than in northern Africa British Commonwealth of Nations British Commonwealth of Nations In 1957 Britain’s colonies achieved independence with little or no bloodshed In 1957 Britain’s colonies achieved independence with little or no bloodshed They entered into a very loose association with Britain They entered into a very loose association with Britain One exception was the Mao Mao One exception was the Mao Mao They were a Kenyan group of terrorists/freedom fighters who fought to end English control of Kenya They were a Kenyan group of terrorists/freedom fighters who fought to end English control of Kenya

66. French Africa Charles De Gaulle offered leaders of French Africa a choice of a total break with France or independence within a kind of French commonwealth Charles De Gaulle offered leaders of French Africa a choice of a total break with France or independence within a kind of French commonwealth All but one of new states chose association with France All but one of new states chose association with France

68. Cold War in the 1950s 1949 1949 Communists in China led by Mao Zedong win the Chinese revolution and establish the Peoples Republic of China Communists in China led by Mao Zedong win the Chinese revolution and establish the Peoples Republic of China Soviets successfully test atomic bomb Soviets successfully test atomic bomb

69. The Korean War 1950-53 Korean War 1950-53 Korean War North Korea invaded South Korea (supported by Soviet resources) North Korea invaded South Korea (supported by Soviet resources) UN (led by US & Gen. Douglas MacArthur) sent forces to push back communists UN (led by US & Gen. Douglas MacArthur) sent forces to push back communists Soviets boycotted the UN for the U.S.’s refusal to allow "Red China" into the Security Council Soviets boycotted the UN for the U.S.’s refusal to allow "Red China" into the Security Council China sent troops to push back the UN China sent troops to push back the UN Resulted in a cease-fire and border at 38th parallel restored Resulted in a cease-fire and border at 38th parallel restored Still in existence today with the north being communist Still in existence today with the north being communist

71. Massive Retaliation & Peaceful Coexistance 1953-55 U.S. policy of "massive retaliation" 1953-55 U.S. policy of "massive retaliation" U.S. vows to destroy USSR with nuclear weapons if it tries to expand U.S. vows to destroy USSR with nuclear weapons if it tries to expand Brinksmanship – the art of going to the brink of war to force the other side to back down Brinksmanship – the art of going to the brink of war to force the other side to back down Relations between USSR and U.S. improve with ascension to power of Nikita Khrushchev Relations between USSR and U.S. improve with ascension to power of Nikita Khrushchev Khruschcev sought “peaceful coexistence” with the West in order to focus on Soviet economy Khruschcev sought “peaceful coexistence” with the West in order to focus on Soviet economy

72. 1955 1955 1955 USSR agreed to real independence for a neutral Austria USSR agreed to real independence for a neutral Austria Resulted in significant reduction in cold war tensions from 1955-1957 Resulted in significant reduction in cold war tensions from 1955-1957 1955 Geneva Summit 1955 Geneva Summit US meets with USSR, Britain, & France to begin discussions on European security and disarmament US meets with USSR, Britain, & France to begin discussions on European security and disarmament No agreements made No agreements made

73. Cold War in the 1960s 1960 1960 U-2 incident: U.S. spy plane shot down over USSR and Khrushchev demanded an apology from Eisenhower U-2 incident: U.S. spy plane shot down over USSR and Khrushchev demanded an apology from Eisenhower Eisenhower refused Eisenhower refused Promising Paris Summit in 1960 between Khrushchev and Eisenhower aborted Promising Paris Summit in 1960 between Khrushchev and Eisenhower aborted

74. The Berlin Wall 1961 1961 Millions of East Germans escaped to West Berlin between 1949-1961 Millions of East Germans escaped to West Berlin between 1949-1961 Khrushchev threatened President Kennedy Khrushchev threatened President Kennedy USSR would sign a treaty with East Germany so they could control access to Berlin to protect East Germany’s right to control its border USSR would sign a treaty with East Germany so they could control access to Berlin to protect East Germany’s right to control its border Berlin Wall built instead of enforcing ultimatum Berlin Wall built instead of enforcing ultimatum Berlin Wall Berlin Wall

75. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963 1963 Khrushchev, Kennedy & Britain signed historic treaty banning atmospheric testing in an attempt to reduce Cold War tensions Khrushchev, Kennedy & Britain signed historic treaty banning atmospheric testing in an attempt to reduce Cold War tensions France refused to sign (was in the process of developing own nuclear weapons program) France refused to sign (was in the process of developing own nuclear weapons program)

76. Fall of Khrushchev 1964 1964 His Cold War foreign policies were erratic and unsuccessful His Cold War foreign policies were erratic and unsuccessful Expensive space and military programs postponed a shift to consumer goods Expensive space and military programs postponed a shift to consumer goods Agricultural projects backfired Agricultural projects backfired Resurgence of conservative Stalinists led to quiet removal of Khrushchev in October Resurgence of conservative Stalinists led to quiet removal of Khrushchev in October

77. Leonid Brezhnev 1964-82 1964-82 Became new General Secretary Became new General Secretary In 1964 USSR began a period of stagnation and limited re-Stalinization In 1964 USSR began a period of stagnation and limited re-Stalinization Massive arms buildup started Massive arms buildup started Avoided direct confrontation with the U.S. and seemed more committed to peaceful coexistence than Khrushchev Avoided direct confrontation with the U.S. and seemed more committed to peaceful coexistence than Khrushchev

78. Domino Theory U.S. believed if Vietnam fell to communism, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand would also fall U.S. believed if Vietnam fell to communism, Laos, Cambodia and Thailand would also fall (Perhaps even India) (1964-1973) (Perhaps even India) (1964-1973)

79. Cold War In the 1970s Ostpolitik Ostpolitik Willy Brandt: "eastern initiative" -- West German chancellor, began to improve relations with Eastern Europe Willy Brandt: "eastern initiative" -- West German chancellor, began to improve relations with Eastern Europe Sought a peace settlement for central Europe and a resolution of the “German Question” Sought a peace settlement for central Europe and a resolution of the “German Question” He negotiated treaties with USSR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia that formally accepted existing state boundaries and the loss of German territory to Poland and USSR He negotiated treaties with USSR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia that formally accepted existing state boundaries and the loss of German territory to Poland and USSR In return there would be a mutual renunciation of force In return there would be a mutual renunciation of force

80. “Two German states within one German nation” Brandt broke with past and entered into direct relations with East Germany Brandt broke with past and entered into direct relations with East Germany Wanted practical improvements not reunification Wanted practical improvements not reunification Brandt made the Social Democrats a national power for first time since 1920s Brandt made the Social Democrats a national power for first time since 1920s Demonstrated two-party political democracy had taken hold Demonstrated two-party political democracy had taken hold West Germany’s peace settlement contributed to reduction in East-West tensions West Germany’s peace settlement contributed to reduction in East-West tensions Germany assumed a leadership role in Europe Germany assumed a leadership role in Europe

81. Detente U.S. tried to place Brandt’s eastern initiatives in broader, American-led framework of reducing East-West tensions in early 1970s U.S. tried to place Brandt’s eastern initiatives in broader, American-led framework of reducing East-West tensions in early 1970s Feared Germany might become neutral thus weakening NATO & US influence in Europe Feared Germany might become neutral thus weakening NATO & US influence in Europe Nixon hoped to gain their aid in pressuring North Vietnam into peace Nixon hoped to gain their aid in pressuring North Vietnam into peace

82. SALT I Brezhnev and Nixon signed a treaty to stop making nuclear ballistic missiles and to reduce the number of antiballistic missiles to 200 for each power Brezhnev and Nixon signed a treaty to stop making nuclear ballistic missiles and to reduce the number of antiballistic missiles to 200 for each power MIRVs made SALT I obsolete (multiple warheads on one missile) MIRVs made SALT I obsolete (multiple warheads on one missile)

83. Helsinki Conference Officially ended World War II by finally legitimizing the Soviet-dictated boundaries of Poland and East European countries Officially ended World War II by finally legitimizing the Soviet-dictated boundaries of Poland and East European countries In return Soviets guaranteed the protection of certain basic “human rights” In return Soviets guaranteed the protection of certain basic “human rights” They continued to limit human rights in Eastern Europe They continued to limit human rights in Eastern Europe

84. Afghanistan The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led the U.S. to refuse to ratify SALT II treaty (reducing nuclear armaments) and led to President Carter boycotting 1980 Olympics in Moscow The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan led the U.S. to refuse to ratify SALT II treaty (reducing nuclear armaments) and led to President Carter boycotting 1980 Olympics in Moscow US stopped shipments of grain and certain advanced technology to the Soviet Union US stopped shipments of grain and certain advanced technology to the Soviet Union Only Britain stood behind U.S. in its sanctions Only Britain stood behind U.S. in its sanctions France, Italy and especially West Germany argued that it should not be turned into an East-West confrontation France, Italy and especially West Germany argued that it should not be turned into an East-West confrontation

85. The Soviet Bloc since 1968 Khrushchev’s reforms brought modest liberalization and consumer goods to eastern Europe Khrushchev’s reforms brought modest liberalization and consumer goods to eastern Europe Reforms allowed Alexander Dubcek to be elected leader of Czechoslovakia Reforms allowed Alexander Dubcek to be elected leader of Czechoslovakia

86. “Prague Spring” Czech reformers moved towards socialism and frightened hard-line communists Czech reformers moved towards socialism and frightened hard-line communists Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia and it become one of most hard-line communist regimes well into 1980s Soviet troops invaded Czechoslovakia and it become one of most hard-line communist regimes well into 1980s

87. Brezhnev Doctrine Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia

88. Solidarity in Poland A popular movement of working people, led by Lech Walesa, organized a massive union called “Solidarity” A popular movement of working people, led by Lech Walesa, organized a massive union called “Solidarity” Demands included right to form free trade unions, strikes, freedom of speech, release of political prisoners and economic reforms Demands included right to form free trade unions, strikes, freedom of speech, release of political prisoners and economic reforms

89. Solidarity Outlawed The Soviets warned the government that if they couldn’t keep order they would invade The Soviets warned the government that if they couldn’t keep order they would invade Communist party leader General Jaruzelski, imposed martial law Communist party leader General Jaruzelski, imposed martial law Solidarity was outlawed and driven underground but remained active Solidarity was outlawed and driven underground but remained active

90. Pope John Paul II Polish cardinal elected Pope John Paul II in 1979 Polish cardinal elected Pope John Paul II in 1979 Traveled through Poland preaching love of Christ and country and “inalienable rights of man” Traveled through Poland preaching love of Christ and country and “inalienable rights of man”

91. Cold War in the 1980s The Atlantic Alliance revitalized itself in the 1980s under the leadership of Ronald Reagan in the U.S., Margaret Thatcher in UK, and Helmut Kohl (b. 1930) of Germany The Atlantic Alliance revitalized itself in the 1980s under the leadership of Ronald Reagan in the U.S., Margaret Thatcher in UK, and Helmut Kohl (b. 1930) of Germany All three nations believed USSR remained a dangerous threat (e.g. Afghanistan) All three nations believed USSR remained a dangerous threat (e.g. Afghanistan)

92. Margaret Thatcher Margaret Thatcher became prime minister in 1979 Margaret Thatcher became prime minister in 1979 First female prime minister First female prime minister She came to power after a year of strikes had ended support for the Labour party She came to power after a year of strikes had ended support for the Labour party Advocated hard-line military positions (as Reagan) Advocated hard-line military positions (as Reagan)

93. Falklands War Argentine forces invaded and occupied Falkland (or Malvinas) Islands Argentine forces invaded and occupied Falkland (or Malvinas) Islands Falkland (or Malvinas) Islands Falkland (or Malvinas) Islands 500 miles off coast of Argentina 500 miles off coast of Argentina Thatcher sent fleet to retake the islands Thatcher sent fleet to retake the islands This gained her enormous popularity and she was re- elected This gained her enormous popularity and she was re- elected

94. Helmut Kohl Came to power with conservative Christian Democrats in 1982 Came to power with conservative Christian Democrats in 1982 He was distinctly pro- American He was distinctly pro- American

95. Ronald Reagan Dealt with Soviets from a position of strength by massive spending for military buildup Dealt with Soviets from a position of strength by massive spending for military buildup Believed the U.S. could better bear burden of the expense while the Soviets couldn’t Believed the U.S. could better bear burden of the expense while the Soviets couldn’t

96. “Star Wars” Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) – “Star Wars”(1983) Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) – “Star Wars”(1983)“Star Wars”“Star Wars” Reagan announced his intention to pursue a high- technology missile-defense system Reagan announced his intention to pursue a high- technology missile-defense system Reagan’s dramatic increase in defense spending placed enormous pressures on the Soviet economy Reagan’s dramatic increase in defense spending placed enormous pressures on the Soviet economy

98. End of the Cold War Mikhail Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev Assumed control of Soviet Union in 1985 and sought reforms Assumed control of Soviet Union in 1985 and sought reforms

99. Perestroika Perestroika (“restructuring”) – attempted to revive the Soviet economy by adopting many of the free-market practices of the West Perestroika (“restructuring”) – attempted to revive the Soviet economy by adopting many of the free-market practices of the Westfree-market practices of the Westfree-market practices of the West It failed It failed

100. Glasnost Tried to open Soviet society by introducing free speech and some political liberties, while ending party censorship Tried to open Soviet society by introducing free speech and some political liberties, while ending party censorship More successful than perestroika More successful than perestroika

101. Demokratiztsiya Gorbachev sought to reduce East-West tensions Gorbachev sought to reduce East-West tensions Withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan Withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan Encouraged reform movements in Poland and Hungary Encouraged reform movements in Poland and Hungary Ended the Brezhnev Doctrine by respecting the political choices of eastern European governments Ended the Brezhnev Doctrine by respecting the political choices of eastern European governments

102. Revolutions of 1989 These ended communist control of eastern Europe These ended communist control of eastern Europe The costs of maintaining satellite countries for the USSR was too much of a political and economic burden The costs of maintaining satellite countries for the USSR was too much of a political and economic burden

103. Poland & Hungary Poland’s Solidarity is legalized again and free elections are promised in June 1989 Poland’s Solidarity is legalized again and free elections are promised in June 1989 Elect, Lech Walesa, the first non-communist leader in eastern Europe since the Stalin era Elect, Lech Walesa, the first non-communist leader in eastern Europe since the Stalin era Triggered a wave of freedom in eastern Europe Triggered a wave of freedom in eastern Europe In October Hungarian leaders proclaimed independent republic In October Hungarian leaders proclaimed independent republic

104. “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!” Berlin Wall comes down in November Berlin Wall comes down in November East German gov't falls East German gov't falls Germany reunified in 1990 Germany reunified in 1990 The Soviets opposed a unified Germany in NATO The Soviets opposed a unified Germany in NATO Soviets eventually gave up when West Germany gave them economic aid Soviets eventually gave up when West Germany gave them economic aid

105. Fall of the Soviet Union Communist hard- liners in Moscow attempted to overthrow Gorbachev in 1991 Communist hard- liners in Moscow attempted to overthrow Gorbachev in 1991 The coup failed when military refused to crush popular resistance The coup failed when military refused to crush popular resistance Boris Yeltsin, leader of Russia, defied tanks and became a hero Boris Yeltsin, leader of Russia, defied tanks and became a hero Boris Yeltsin Boris Yeltsin

106. December 25, 1991 Yeltsin and his liberal allies declared Russia independent and withdrew from the Soviet union Yeltsin and his liberal allies declared Russia independent and withdrew from the Soviet union All other republics followed. All other republics followed. Soviet Union dissolved into 15 separate republics Soviet Union dissolved into 15 separate republics Republics remained economically connected for a time via Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Republics remained economically connected for a time via Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

107. Challenges in the 1990s Yeltsin failed to significantly improve the Russian economy Yeltsin failed to significantly improve the Russian economy He became embroiled in a power struggle with a conservative parliament He became embroiled in a power struggle with a conservative parliament Parliamentary leaders, holed up in the White House (the parliament tower in Moscow) Parliamentary leaders, holed up in the White House (the parliament tower in Moscow) They unleashed a crowd to assault the Kremlin and the television center. They unleashed a crowd to assault the Kremlin and the television center. Yeltsin sent tanks against the White House Yeltsin sent tanks against the White House

108. Russia Today On New Year's Day, 2000, Yeltsin resigned due to poor health and lack of popularity On New Year's Day, 2000, Yeltsin resigned due to poor health and lack of popularity Succeeded by former KGB colonel Vladimir Putin Succeeded by former KGB colonel Vladimir Putin Now led by Dmitri Medvedev with Putin as his Prime Minister Now led by Dmitri Medvedev with Putin as his Prime Minister

109. Eastern Europe The shift to a market economy was difficult The shift to a market economy was difficult No precedents existed to guide their transition No precedents existed to guide their transition In short run, economic activity declined by 1/3. In short run, economic activity declined by 1/3. Poland was the most successful Poland was the most successful By 1993, GDP grew the fastest in Europe By 1993, GDP grew the fastest in Europe By 1995, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary were doing well enough to be taken seriously as potential European Union (EU) members by the year 2000 By 1995, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary were doing well enough to be taken seriously as potential European Union (EU) members by the year 2000

110. Continuing Problems Unemployment is about 15% throughout most of eastern Europe Unemployment is about 15% throughout most of eastern Europe Inflation remained dangerously high in some countries Inflation remained dangerously high in some countries Governments ran large deficits Governments ran large deficits

111. Political Challenges Slovaks seceded from Czechoslovakia on January 1, 1993 Slovaks seceded from Czechoslovakia on January 1, 1993 Slovakia was much slower in theirdrive towards democracy Slovakia was much slower in theirdrive towards democracy Former Communist parties returned to majorities in freely elected parliaments in Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary Former Communist parties returned to majorities in freely elected parliaments in Lithuania, Poland, and Hungary

112. Civil War in Yugoslavia 1990 President Slobodan Milosevic began to established tighter central control over previously autonomous region 1990 President Slobodan Milosevic began to established tighter central control over previously autonomous region In response Croatia & Slovenia declared independence and each fought Serbia in the process In response Croatia & Slovenia declared independence and each fought Serbia in the process Bosnia declared its independence in March 1992 and the civil war spread there Bosnia declared its independence in March 1992 and the civil war spread there Bosnian Serbs (about 30% of pop.) refused to live in a Muslim-dominated state and began military operations Bosnian Serbs (about 30% of pop.) refused to live in a Muslim-dominated state and began military operations Ethnic cleansing: Bosnian Serbs tried to liquidate or remove Muslims by shelling cities, confiscating or destroying of houses, gang rape, expulsion, and murder Ethnic cleansing: Bosnian Serbs tried to liquidate or remove Muslims by shelling cities, confiscating or destroying of houses, gang rape, expulsion, and murder Several hundred thousand Bosnians were killed Several hundred thousand Bosnians were killed

113. Dayton Agreements Agreed to divide Bosnia between Muslims and Serbs Agreed to divide Bosnia between Muslims and Serbs Bosnian Serbs wanted to join a Greater Serbia Bosnian Serbs wanted to join a Greater Serbia The U.S. and other NATO troops were sent to enforce the Dayton agreements The U.S. and other NATO troops were sent to enforce the Dayton agreements

114. Kosovo Crisis Milosevic attempted to ethnically cleanse Kosovo (province of Serbia) of ethnic- Albanians Milosevic attempted to ethnically cleanse Kosovo (province of Serbia) of ethnic- Albanians NATO, led by U.S., bombed Serbia in order to stop the ethnic cleansing NATO, led by U.S., bombed Serbia in order to stop the ethnic cleansing Milosevic was on trial in the ICC for war crimes Milosevic was on trial in the ICC for war crimes He died in his prison cell before precedings were complete He died in his prison cell before precedings were complete