3. THE BEGINNINGS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION 1. The Industrial Revolution refers to the greatly increased output of machine- made goods that began in England during the 18 th century (1700’s). 2. The Industrial Revolution changed the way people lived. 3. People went from the way things were (living on farms) to the way things are (living in cities and working for wages).

4. PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 1. For thousands of years people worked and lived in small farming villages. 2. Most farmers were subsistence farmers, meaning they would farm to feed themselves and their family. 3. Typically, one of three fields were left fallow (empty) to regain fertility.

6. PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 4. There were many disadvantages to this type of farming: A. Land use was inefficient because 1/3 of the land was always unused. B. Because of the fear of crop failure, farmers did not experiment with new farming techniques. C. Most farmers worked very long hours and had few material possessions.

7. PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY 5. But changes were needed in farming techniques for several reasons: A. Because of improvements in medical science, people were living longer lives. With the population growing, more food was needed. B. During the Napoleonic Wars, the continental system had cut off England and their supply of corn.

8. THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION 1. The first great change in farming was known as enclosures. A. Wealthy landowners fenced in common pastures enabling them to farm larger fields. B. This Enclosure Movement had two important results: i. Landowners experimented with new farming techniques. ii. Small farmers were forced off of their land.

10. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION 2. The second great change in farming is something known as crop rotation. A. Fields depleted of nutrients by one crop were replenished by planting different crops. B. It was no longer necessary to leave fields fallow.

12. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION 3. Other discoveries in agriculture: A. The seed drill planted seeds more quickly and efficiently. B. Livestock breeders improved breeding techniques. 4. Results of the agricultural revolution: A. More food was available. B. The population continued to increase.

14. THE COTTAGE INDUSTRY 1. The Cottage Industry refers to a manufacturing industry which has many producers, working from their homes, usually on a part time basis. 2. The Cottage Industry was also referred to as the “putting-out system.”

15. THE COTTAGE INDUSTRY 3. Here’s how it worked: A. An entrepreneur, a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business, buys raw materials (such as wool) from a sheep farm. B. The entrepreneur would then take the wool to a carding cottage. C. The next stop would be a spinning cottage.

16. THE COTTAGE INDUSTRY D. The third stop would be a weaving cottage. E. At the final stop, skilled artisans would finish and dye the cloth. F. The entrepreneur would then sell the finished product and repeat the process.

20. THE COTTAGE INDUSTRY 4. The Cottage Industry often involved every member of the family: A. The children performed the carding. B. The mother did the spinning. C. The father did the weaving.

22. THE COTTAGE INDUSTRY 5. The results of the cottage industry: A. The birth of capitalism: An economic system based on private ownership, free competition, and profit. B. The birth of a new wealthy middle class. C. An alternative source of income for peasant farmers.

23. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 1. The Cottage Industry could not keep up with the demand for textiles. 2. New inventions made weaving and spinning faster. A. The Flying Shuttle made weaving so fast that spinners could not keep up. B. The Spinning Jenny solved this problem and helped spinners keep up with weavers. C. The Cotton Gin made picking cotton much faster, so that farms could keep up with the great demand of cotton.

27. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 3. These new machines were too big for homes. 4. This led to the rise of factories. At first, factories were just long wooden sheds that could house these big machines. 5. These factories were usually located by streams, so they could harness the water power to run their machines.

29. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY 6. Spinners and weavers now came to work at a factory, rather than working at home. 7. Production at these factories soared and made textiles cheaper. 8. Most farmers were forced to find jobs at factories, which led to the rise of cities.

34. THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION 1. Turnpikes A. Some entrepreneurs built toll roads that linked the country together. B. Goods moved faster and profits were made.

35. THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION 2. Canals A. Factories needed an efficient way to receive raw materials and to ship finished goods. B. So entrepreneurs dug canals that connected rivers together. C. Canals would lose importance in the 1830’s with the invention of the steam locomotive.

36. THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION 3. The Steam Engine A. The first step in the eventual invention of railroads was the invention of the steam engine. B. James Watt created the fastest and most efficient steam engine. C. A steam engine is a machine that performs mechanical work by using steam as its working fluid.

37. THE TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION 4. Railroads A. The first steam powered locomotive was built in 1805. Faster locomotives were built in the following years. B. The first locomotive to travel along rails was built by George Stephenson in the 1820’s. C. The railroads did not have to follow rivers. This meant that tracks could go places that rivers could not. D. This made for faster and cheaper transportation of goods.

40. WHY ENGLAND? 1. The Industrial Revolution began in England for several reasons: A. They had the natural resources necessary for industrialization. These natural resources included: i. Water power and coal to fuel the new machines. ii. Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and buildings. iii. Rivers for inland transportation. iv. Harbors from which its merchant ships set sail.

41. WHY ENGLAND? B. England had all of the factors of production. These included: i. Land=to build factories and cities. ii. Labor=a large supply of workers because of the population explosion. iii. Capital=money to invest in shipping, mining, factories, or railroads. C. Their advanced banking system made loans available and encouraged people to invest in businesses.

42. WHY ENGLAND? D. Political stability i. No wars took place on British soil. ii. The success and stability of the country made people more open to change. iii. The government passed laws that helped protect and expand business.

43. SOURCES Beck, Roger, et al. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal-Littell Inc., 2003. Beck, Roger, et al. Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Evanston, IL: McDougal-Littell Inc., 2003. Gaynor Ellis, Elisabeth, and Anthony Esler. World History: The Modern World. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. Gaynor Ellis, Elisabeth, and Anthony Esler. World History: The Modern World. Boston, MA: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.