1. Why did the USA and the USSR become rivals in the years 1945-55? Part 2

2. Doctrine: a belief. Congress: the American ‘parliament’. Aggressor: someone who starts a quarrel. Containment: holding something in – stopping the USSR growing. Collective Security: Greece and Turkey By 1946, Greece and Czechoslovakia were the only countries in eastern Europe that weren’t Communist. Even in Greece, the government, which was being supported by British soldiers, was having to fight a civil war against the Communists. In February 1947, the British told Truman they could no longer afford to keep their soldiers in Greece. President Truman stepped in. The USA paid for the British soldiers in Greece. Truman noted that Turkey too was in danger from Soviet aggression, so Congress voted to give aid to Turkey as well. Part of the money was given in economic and humanitarian aid, but most was spent on military supplies and weapons. Truman Doctrine Date: What was it? What was its purpose? Why was it important? Marshall Aid: This was … Response from Stalin and USSR was … Berlin Blockade: Causes: Key Points: Impact: USAUSSR Arms Race

3. The Truman Doctrine The Truman Doctrine was beginning to be formulated in 1946, when George Kennan, US ambassador in Moscow, wrote a ‘long telegram’ claiming that Soviet power was growing, and that the US should follow a policy of ‘containment’ to stop Russian ‘salami tactics’. In September 1946, Clark Clifford, Truman’s most trusted adviser, recommended that America ‘support and assist all democratic countries which are in any way menaced by the USSR’. In February 1947, the British government announced that it could no longer afford to keep its soldiers fighting Communist rebels in Greece. So, on 12 March 1947, President Truman warned Congress that, without help, Greece would fall to Communism. Nearby Turkey, he added, was in a similar situation. He introduced an idea that if America let one country fall to Communism, all the countries round about would follow (this was later called the ‘domino theory’). Truman said that the Cold War was a choice between freedom and oppression. Therefore, Americans would have to abandon their decision not to get involved in European affairs; America was OBLIGED to get involved: ‘I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.’

4. This Russian cartoon, 1947, shows the Greek government being ‘helped’ by Uncle Sam (symbolising America). Notice the $ sign on the gun. Greek communists in traditional clothing – it is the Communists that truly represent the Greek people. The dollar on the gun – the danger of the “Almighty Dollar” showing aggressive Capitalism. Most of the aid to Greece was in the form of weapons. Russian bias – showing the view of Stalin to the Truman Doctrine, 1947. Americans seen as a threat and dangerous.

5. The Truman Doctrine Thus Truman’s Speech led directly to the Marshall Plan. It set a precedent for the principle of ‘collective security’ – building up a network of allies and friendly states to which the US gave military aid free of charge – and NATO. In America, it whipped up the ‘Red Scare’ of the 1950s. In Russia, it convinced the Soviets that America was indeed attacking Soviet Communism. In fact, there were many in the Truman administration who wanted actively to oppose the Soviets and, in 1947, Truman formed the CIA, told the Russian ambassador he was not welcome in Washington, and said that America was prepared to fight for peace. On 15 May 1947, Truman said that: ‘We hope that in years ahead more and more nations will come to know the advantages of freedom and liberty.’ Thus is it arguable that the Truman Doctrine was not just a policy of ‘containment’ but, as a modern American University suggests: ‘an American challenge to Soviet ambitions throughout the world’. Truman Doctrine Date: What was it? What was its purpose? Why was it important? Complete your grid on the Truman Doctrine Watch the clip to confirm your understanding and to remind yourself about the Marshall Plan Watch the clip to confirm your understanding and to remind yourself about the Marshall Plan

6. Past Paper Question Which was the more important in causing the Cold War: the Potsdam Conference 1945; the Truman Doctrine, 1947? You must refer to both causes when explaining your answer. Create a perfect answer to this question. o Decide and state, which was more important and keep this line of argument throughout. o Explain why each factor important to increasing tensions. A paragraph on each. o Conclusion: Explain why your opinion is correct. Create a perfect answer to this question. o Decide and state, which was more important and keep this line of argument throughout. o Explain why each factor important to increasing tensions. A paragraph on each. o Conclusion: Explain why your opinion is correct.

7. The Marshall Plan The European Recovery Programme (nicknamed the ‘Marshall Plan’) was set up because the economic infrastructure of Europe had been destroyed by the Second World War and because this – and the coldest winter on record – had by 1947 reduced the people of Europe to starvation. Also, in response to Soviet ‘salami tactics’, Congress had in March 1947 decided to ‘support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.’ Returning from a fact-finding mission, a shocked General George Marshall told Truman that all of Europe would turn Communist unless the European economy could be jump-started. So Truman agreed. Marshall announced his Plan, not in Congress, but to students at Harvard University on 5 th June 1947. He explained his idea in simple terms: the European economy had been destroyed because the Nazis had reorganised it to support their war effort. Now, townspeople could not produce enough to afford to buy food from the farmers; and farmers were unable to get from the towns the equipment they needed to produce the food. ”The United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist.”

8. The Marshall Plan He challenged the countries of Europe to get together and produce a plan for regeneration, which the US would fund. Only countries which refused to co-operate with others would be refused funding. The British foreign secretary Ernest Bevin called the Plan ‘a lifeline to sinking men, bringing hope where there was none’ and by 12 July he had organised a meeting of European nations in Paris, which asked for $22 billion of aid. Stalin was invited but – seeing the Plan as a US plot to undermine the Soviet Union – he forbade Cominform countries to take part. Truman asked Congress for $17 bn, and Congress (after the scare of the collapse of Czechoslovakia in March 1948) authorised $13 bn. The first ship set sail from Texas to France with 19,000 tons of wheat. Marshall Aid took the form of fuel, raw materials, goods, loans and food, US machinery to help factories to get back to normal, advisers to help rebuild transport systems. There were nets for Norwegian fishermen, wool for Austrian weavers, and tractors for French farmers. Britain was the main recipient, getting $3 bn aid. France, Italy, West Germany and the Netherlands all received huge amounts. Marshall Aid had a huge effect on Europe; the years 1948-1952 were a time of massive economic growth. It also stopped the spread of Communism. Past Paper Question: In 1947 the USA promised to support all countries who were trying to remain free from communism. Describe how the Marshall Plan helped to achieve this aim. Past Paper Question: In 1947 the USA promised to support all countries who were trying to remain free from communism. Describe how the Marshall Plan helped to achieve this aim.

9. How did Stalin respond? The Soviet Union hated Marshall Aid (see Source). Stalin forbade Communist countries to ask for money. Instead, in October 1947, he set up Cominform. Every Communist party in Europe joined. This allowed Stalin control of the Communists in Europe. Then, in January 1949, Stalin created Comecon - an economic union of the Communist countries in eastern Europe. This allowed Stalin to control the Iron Curtain economies for the benefit of Russia - for instance, one of its rules was that all inventions had to be shared. “The ruling gang of American imperialists has taken the path of open expansion, of enslaving weakened capitalist countries. It has hatched new war plans against the Soviet Union. Imitating Hitler, the new aggressors are using blackmail.” GM Malenkov, a Soviet politician, in 1947 about the Marshall Plan. “The ruling gang of American imperialists has taken the path of open expansion, of enslaving weakened capitalist countries. It has hatched new war plans against the Soviet Union. Imitating Hitler, the new aggressors are using blackmail.” GM Malenkov, a Soviet politician, in 1947 about the Marshall Plan. 'Can he block it?' This cartoon was drawn c.1947 by Edwin Marcus, caricaturist for the New York Times. 'Can he block it?' This cartoon was drawn c.1947 by Edwin Marcus, caricaturist for the New York Times. Stalin would aim to resist Marshall Aid – is this interpretation true?

10. Are you clear about the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Aid now? Which was more important in causing the Cold War: the Soviet expansion in East Europe, 1945-1948 the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, 1947? You must refer to both causes when explaining your answer. Which was more important in causing the Cold War: the Soviet expansion in East Europe, 1945-1948 the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, 1947? You must refer to both causes when explaining your answer. Create a perfect answer to this question. o Decide and state, which was more important and keep this line of argument throughout. o Explain why each factor important to increasing tensions. A paragraph on each. o Conclusion: Explain why your opinion is correct. Create a perfect answer to this question. o Decide and state, which was more important and keep this line of argument throughout. o Explain why each factor important to increasing tensions. A paragraph on each. o Conclusion: Explain why your opinion is correct.

11. The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948-9 Put these words into an answer to explain the causes of the Berlin Blockade: Trizonia, Marshall Aid, Deutsche Mark, East Germany, poverty, Stalin angry. Clip In 1948 Stalin set up the Berlin Blockade which cut off most routes into West Berlin. Describe how the USA, Britain and France delivered supplies to West Berlin during the Blockade. First major crisis of the Cold War Airlift Facts The blockade lasted 318 days (11 months). In the winter of 1948–49 Berliners lived on dried potatoes, powdered eggs and cans of meat. They had four hours of electricity a day. The airlift was codenamed 'operation Vittles'; the first flight was on 26 June 1948. The Soviet authorities offered to provide West Berlin with essential supplies - this offer was rejected. 275,000 flights carried in 1½ million tons of supplies. A plane landed every 3 mins. On 16 April 1949, 1400 flights brought in 13,000 tons of supplies in one day – Berlin only needed 6,000 tons a day to survive. Some pilots dropped chocolate and sweets. The airlift continued until 30 September 1949, in order to build up a reserve of supplies. The USA stationed B-29 bombers (which could carry an atomic bomb) in Britain. The American airmen were regarded as heroes. Airlift Facts The blockade lasted 318 days (11 months). In the winter of 1948–49 Berliners lived on dried potatoes, powdered eggs and cans of meat. They had four hours of electricity a day. The airlift was codenamed 'operation Vittles'; the first flight was on 26 June 1948. The Soviet authorities offered to provide West Berlin with essential supplies - this offer was rejected. 275,000 flights carried in 1½ million tons of supplies. A plane landed every 3 mins. On 16 April 1949, 1400 flights brought in 13,000 tons of supplies in one day – Berlin only needed 6,000 tons a day to survive. Some pilots dropped chocolate and sweets. The airlift continued until 30 September 1949, in order to build up a reserve of supplies. The USA stationed B-29 bombers (which could carry an atomic bomb) in Britain. The American airmen were regarded as heroes.

12. This cartoon by the British cartoonist Illingworth appeared in the Daily Mail on 9 September 1948. Stalin has blocked the mousehole, and toys with a mouse labelled 'Berliners', whilst the other 'western powers' scuttle around in alarm. This cartoon of 14 July 1948 by EH Shepard for the British magazine Punch shows Stalin watching as storks fly coal and food into Berlin.

13. WEST GERMANY - Western Capitalist economy. - Democratic (people could vote for their governments) - Freedoms guaranteed - Allied to the West - USA and UK (Later in NATO) EAST GERMANY - Communist - Allied to USSR - No democracy - Little freedom - Becomes part of Warsaw Pact. Revision sheet on NATO & Warsaw Pact.

14. Why is NATO important? What does NATO stand for? Why was it important to America? How did Stalin view NATO? North Atlantic Treaty Organisation. US was now formally committed to the defence of western Europe. US was able to build air bases in Western Europe, where planes, armed with nuclear weapons could be used against the USSR. As a direct threat.

15. Look at black AQA book page 75 – enhance your revision notes. Development of Arms Race Stage 1 – 1945-49 - USSR plays catch-up – Fearing that USA would use weapons against them, USSR developed own atom bomb, using info from spies - succeeded in 1949. The balance tilted even more in the direction of the USSR when China became Communist in October 1949. In 1950, Stalin and the new Chinese communist leader, Mao Zedong, signed a 30 year treaty of friendship. Stage 2 – 1949-57 – More and Bigger – In 1952, the USA develops Hydrogen bomb (100 times more powerful than Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs). – In 1953, the USSR tested its own Hydrogen bomb. The USSR seemed to be catching up. Check you are clear with this information, how could you use it in an essay? As a consequence of this… US policy-makers now felt the need for a more aggressive approach to Communism than ‘containment’. In 1950 a policy document, coded NSC-68, made two key recommendations: a massive increase in armaments and a new policy to ‘roll back’ communism. They also feared that if one state fell to Communism, others would follow – Domino theory. As a consequence of this… US policy-makers now felt the need for a more aggressive approach to Communism than ‘containment’. In 1950 a policy document, coded NSC-68, made two key recommendations: a massive increase in armaments and a new policy to ‘roll back’ communism. They also feared that if one state fell to Communism, others would follow – Domino theory.

16. Korean War The Korean War was the first major armed clash between Free World and Communist forces, as the so-called Cold War turned hot. From a pamphlet by John J. McGrath of U.S. Army Center of Military History (2003). The Korean War was the first major armed clash between Free World and Communist forces, as the so-called Cold War turned hot. From a pamphlet by John J. McGrath of U.S. Army Center of Military History (2003). In 1945, Korea was freed from the Japanese. The USSR had control of North Korea and set up a Communist state. In the south, the Americans set up a government that was supposed to be a democracy, although it relied heavily on military backing. The country was split in half at the 38 th parallel: North Korea (led by Kim Il Sung) was Communist. South Korea (led by Syngman Rhee) was capitalist. The two countries hated each other. IN June 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea. 1 1 Watch the clip to remind yourself of the basics. 2 2 Produce your own detailed revision diagram on the Korean War, with images and facts. Remember to include:  reasons for involvement of UN and USA;  role of MacArthur;  the part played by USSR and China. Produce your own detailed revision diagram on the Korean War, with images and facts. Remember to include:  reasons for involvement of UN and USA;  role of MacArthur;  the part played by USSR and China.

17. The Korean War In 1950, Syngman Rhee – the South Korean head of state – boasted that he was going to attack North Korea. It was a good enough excuse – in June 1950, the North Koreans invaded South Korea. At first, the North Korean People's Army (NKPA) was very successful. Many of the NKPA had fought in the Chinese Revolution and were battle trained. They easily defeated the Republic of Korea's army (the ROKs). By July they captured most of South Korea, apart from a small enclave round Pusan in the far south of the peninsula. This alarmed the Americans, who persuaded the United Nations to support South Korea. Out of the 300,000 UN troops, 260,000 were Americans. In July 1950, the UN Army, led by General MacArthur, went to Korea. It landed at Pusan, and made an amphibious landing at Inchon (near Seoul). MacArthur drove back the North Koreans and recaptured South Korea. 125,000 NKPA prisoners were captured. Then the Americans invaded North Korea and advanced as far as the Chinese border. Now the Chinese were alarmed. 200,000 Chinese troops ('People's Volunteers') attacked. They had modern weapons supplied by Russia, and a fanatical hatred of the Americans. In December, 500,000 more Chinese troops entered the war. Using ‘human wave’ tactics, they drove the Americans back, recaptured North Korea, and advanced into South Korea. MacArthur urged Truman to use of the atomic bomb. Truman refused. Instead, in February 1951, he sent more troops and stepped up the bombing raids. The Americans drove the Chinese back (the Chinese lost between 390,000 and a million men), but lost 54,000 men killed in the process. The war was not popular in America. MacArthur reached the 38th parallel in March 1951. There, Truman told MacArthur to stop, and sacked him when he publicly criticised Truman’s order. In 1953, Eisenhower became American president. He made a formal truce. It is estimated that 10 million people died in the war.

18. Check your understanding! Who am I and what did I do in the War? Syngman Rhee – the South Korean head of state – boasted that he was going to attack North Korea. General MacArthur, went to Korea. Later urged Truman to use of the atomic bomb. In July 1950, the UN Army, led by General MacArthur, went to Korea. 200,000 Chinese troops ('People's Volunteers') attacked. They had modern weapons supplied by Russia In 1953, Eisenhower became American president. He made a formal truce. Can you now answer: Which was the greater threat to world peace during the years 1945–1955: the development of nuclear weapons the Korean War? Can you now answer: Which was the greater threat to world peace during the years 1945–1955: the development of nuclear weapons the Korean War?

19. Source A "Of the 16 countries contributing forces, the USA provided 50 per cent of land forces, 93 per cent of air forces, 86 per cent of naval forces. The UN gave the USA unlimited authority to direct military operations. US president Truman, not the UN, appointed General MacArthur as commander-in-chief of UN forces. MacArthur reported to the US President and took orders from him. The war threatened to become one between the USA and China. The USA even considered using nuclear weapons against China." James Mason with Angela Leonard, Modern World History to GCSE (2001) This drawing by the British cartoonist David Low, published in the Daily Herald on 30 June 1950, shows Truman and the United Nations rushing to Korea's aid.  In 1954 SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organisation) was set up as a copy of NATO. Communism had been prevented in South Korea and the UN was seen as a success (if dominated by the USA), it had stood up to major aggression, something the League of Nations had failed to achieve. However, the war also revealed that China was no longer weak and was prepared to stand up to the West. Was this the emergence of a third superpower.

20. You must refer to both threats when explaining your answer. Which had the greater effect on the development of the Cold War in the years 1948 to 1953: The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948-1949; The Korean War, 1950-1953? You must refer to both threats when explaining your answer. Which had the greater effect on the development of the Cold War in the years 1948 to 1953: The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948-1949; The Korean War, 1950-1953? The Korean War, 1950-1953 The Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948-1949

21. ‘The Thaw’ What is your impression of Khrushchev? What did he mean by peaceful co-existence? Print off your own copy of the sheet: Khrushchev and 'Peaceful Co-existence' How are you feeling now about the origins of the Cold War? Create a timeline of events. Aim to prioritise the events in order of importance. How are you feeling now about the origins of the Cold War? Create a timeline of events. Aim to prioritise the events in order of importance.

22. Helpful resources http://www.laganhistory.com/2-cold-war-in- europe-1945-49.html http://www.laganhistory.com/2-cold-war-in- europe-1945-49.html http://www.johndclare.net/cold_war8.htm http://www.educationforum.co.uk/modernwo rld.htm http://www.educationforum.co.uk/modernwo rld.htm