1. DNA Technology and Mutations

2. Key Concepts What are different types of DNA Technology? How do we use DNA technology? What are some different types of mutations? What causes Mutation? Vocabulary Genetic engineering Genome Mutation Mutagen Cloning

3. Genetic Engineering Process of altering genetic material in an organism Changes the order of the nitrogen bases of a DNA molecule How would changing the order of the nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule change to organism?

4. Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering involves three steps: 1.DNA extraction – 2.DNA cutting – 3.Separating DNA –

5. Restriction Enzymes Enzymes that cut DNA at specific locations Can be used to extract a specific sequence from a DNA molecule

6. Restriction Enzymes In order to form recombinant DNA, scientists have found a way to cut a DNA segment using an enzyme named EcoRI. This enzyme cuts DNA wherever the sequence C-T-T-A-A-G occurs between the A and the G base. Which of these would result if EcoRI were used on the DNA in the diagram to the right?

7. Gel Electrophoresis Process used to separate and analyze DNA fragments Separates DNA fragments based on size and charge Can be used to compare genomes of different organisms

8. Gel Electrophoresis The DNA fingerprints were made from blood samples taken from a puppy and four possible sires of this puppy in an effort to determine the puppy’s pedigree. According to this information, which sire was probably the father of this puppy?

9. Recombinant DNA DNA made by combining fragments of DNA from two or more organisms Can help produce transgenic organisms that contain DNA from different species What products could be made from transgenic organisms?

10. Making Recombinant DNA Human Cell Gene for human growth hormone Recombinant DNA Gene for human growth hormone Sticky ends DNA recombination DNA insertion Bacterial Cell Plasmid Bacterial chromosome Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone

11. Genome A map of an organisms entire genetic make-up Includes all the sequence of all nitrogen bases Used to determine what nitrogen base sequences code for what traits

12. Human Genome Project Project to sequence all the nitrogen bases in human DNA Will help determine what nitrogen base sequences code for what human traits. How would the HGP be helpful for doctors?

13. Uses of Biotechnology Forensics – Agriculture – Medicine –

14. Cloning Production of an organism from a single cell Offspring are genetically identical to parent cell What organisms have been successfully cloned?

15. Mutations Change in the genetic material that can be harmful or beneficial A mutagen is any factor that causes a mutation What are some examples of mutagens? Mutations are always random events – there is no pattern

16. DNA Mutations Changes the sequence of nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule How would changing the order of A-T-G-C in DNA affect an organism?

17. Point mutation Changes a single nitrogen base in the DNA sequence Also called a substitution mutation because one base is replaced by another DNA: T C G T C A RNA: Amino acids: DNA: T C G A C A RNA: Amino acids:

18. Frameshift Mutation Changes in the way the DNA sequence is read Caused by the addition or deletion of a nitrogen base from a DNA sequence DNA:T A G C A T RNA: Amino acids: DNA:T T A G C A T RNA: Amino acids:

19. Inversion Mutation Inversions in chromosomes occur when part of a chromosome breaks out and is reinserted upside down. Which of the diagrams to the right represents an inversion?

20. Mutations Most mutations do not cause any harmMost mutations do not cause any harm How would mutations cause changes in organisms?How would mutations cause changes in organisms? What are some examples of harmful mutations?What are some examples of harmful mutations? What are some examples of beneficial mutations?What are some examples of beneficial mutations?