1. Looking Back at Prerequisites
Science: a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge
Observation: Use the metric (SI) units to measure your world!
Question: Be curious-the bad question is the one you fail to ask!
Hypothesis: Make falsifiable educated guess to answer question
Prediction: If the hypothesis is true… then the dependent variable will respond… when I manipulate the independent variable.
Experiment: Manipulate the independent variable=treatment Compare the response to an unmanipulated control
Analysis: Use statistical test and allow % for statistical error Type 1: rejecting a true H -- Type2: failing to reject false H
Decision: Reject hypothesis or Cannot reject hypothesis

2. Looking Back at Prerequisites
Biology: the Study of Life
What are the fundamental properties of life?
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)
Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)
Growth = irreversible change in size
Reproduction…failure = extinction
Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior
Adaptation-long term responses = evolution

3. Looking Back at Prerequisites
Biology is multidimensional
This array is an example of what dimension?
Levels of Organization
What fields of biology are at each extreme?
Biochemistry and Biophysics
In this course our focus will be upon…
These levels but only
in reference to plants
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem

4. Looking Back at Prerequisites
Classification
Domain
Prokarya
Eukarya
Kingdom
Bacteria
Protista
Or Plantae
Plantae
Phylum
Cyanophyta
Chlorophyta
Anthophyta
Magnoliophyta
Class
Prochlorophyceae
Chlorophyceae
Dicotyledonae
Order
Prochlorales
Ulvales
Rosales
Family
Prochlorococcaceae
Ulvaceae
Rosaceae
Genus
Prochlorococcus
Ulva
Rosa
Species
P. marinus
U. lactuca
R. multiflora
Common
MED4
Sea lettuce
Wild Rose

5. Sometimes the binomial is not good enough!
The species name is a Latin binomial
Dead Language
Universally known
The Genus name and a specific epithet
Example: Brassica oleracea
mustard of the garden
Sometimes the binomial is not good enough!
So we add a Latin variety name as well
(also known as subspecies)
Several examples of members of species Brassica oleracea

6. Brassica oleracea capitata
Cabbage:
Brassica oleracea capitata

7. Brassica oleracea acephala
Kale:
Brassica oleracea acephala

8. Brussels sprouts: Brassica oleracea gemmifera

9. Brassica oleracea caulorapa
Kohlrabi:
Brassica oleracea caulorapa

10. Brassica oleracea italica
Broccoli:
Brassica oleracea italica

11. Brassica oleracea botrytis
Cauliflower:
Brassica oleracea botrytis

12. Brassica oleracea capitata
cultivar names in
home language and
in single quotes
‘King Slaw’
‘Two Seasons Hybrid’
‘Earliana’
‘Salad Delight’

13. How many species are there?
What is a species?
Animal species concept…
if offspring are fertile then same species…
does not apply among species of other kingdoms:
Prokaryotes (no sex)
Algae (sex sometimes unknown)
Allopolyploidy in plants

14. Multicellular Animals
Shifting Kingdoms
Lumpers
Splitters 2 3 5 6 8
Bacteria
Archaebacteria
Archezoans
Euglenoids
Chrysophytes
Green Algae
Brown Algae
Red algae
Slime Molds
True Fungi
Bryophytes
Tracheophytes
Protozoans
Myxozoans
Multicellular Animals

15. How Long Ago? Extant 0.5 Land! Plants 1 Multicellular 2
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaea
Bacteria
0.5
Land!
Plants 1
Multicellular
cyanobacterial endosymbiosis 2
First Eukaryotes
Extinct 3
Cyanobacterial Oxygen
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
4 BYBP
Origin of Life
Original Cell

16. The Plant Kingdom Phylogeny
Plesiomorphies - (but synapomorphies in clade)
Eukaryotic flagella
Chloroplast: double bounding membrane
Chloroplast: thylakoids in stacks
Chlorophyll a and b
Starch for storage
RuBisCO small subunit gene now in nucleus
rRNA sequence unique to clade

17. The Plant Kingdom Clade
unique flagellum, phycoplast
Chlorophyta—green algae
Hepaticophyta—liverworts
Anthocerotophyta—hornworts
Bryophyta—mosses
Lycophyta—club mosses
Sphenophyta—horsetails
Pterophyta—ferns
Cycadophyta—cycads
Ginkgophyta—ginkgo
Coniferophyta—conifers
Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc.
Anthophyta—flowering plants
open spindle, phragmoplast
-eyespot
oogamy, archegonium, plasmodesmata
embryo, cuticle, apical growth
protovascular, aerial sporophyte, wind spores
stomata
true vascular, branching
heterospory
true root, true leaf
monopodial branching
heterospory
heterospory
pollen, 1 megaspore/megasporangium, seeds
-flagella
vessels
reduced gametophyte
flowers, fruits

18. The Plant Kingdom Clade: Viridiplantae
Chlorophyta—green algae
Hepaticophyta—liverworts
Anthocerotophyta—hornworts
Bryophyta—mosses
Lycophyta—club mosses
Sphenophyta—horsetails
Pterophyta—ferns
Cycadophyta—cycads
Ginkgophyta—ginkgo
Coniferophyta—conifers
Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc.
Anthophyta—flowering plants
Streptobionta
Embryophytes
Stomatophytes
Polysporangiates
Tracheophytes
heterospory
Euphyllophytina
Ligniophytina
Spermatophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

19. Why Study Plants? Anaerobic! Ancient Earth with Continents
Ancient Oceans with Dissolved Molecules
Ancient Atmosphere with Weather
N2 - Nitrogen
H2O - Water Vapor
CO2 - Carbon Dioxide
CO - Carbon Monoxide
CH4 - Methane Gas
NH3 - Ammonia Gas
H2 - Hydrogen Gas
H2S - Hydrogen Sulfide Gas
Notice one gas is missing…
O2 - Oxygen Gas
Anaerobic!

20. A Timeline for Planet Earth
Earth Formed
First
Eukaryote
Algae
Inverts
First
Life
0.003 bybp
Australopithecus
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5 bybp
Now
28 kybp
Homo sapiens
Dinosaurs
Photosynthesis
By Cyanobacteria
chlorophyll
light
CO2
carbon dioxide
H2O
water O2
oxygen
CH2O
carbohydrate + +
Aerobic Atmosphere
Allows Our Kind of Life
FeS - Iron sulfide Earth oxidizes to red color
Atmosphere converts UV to Blue sky!

21. Why Study Plants? Because Plants Are Sources Of… CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2O
light
chlorophyll
1. Oxygen
UVC light
UVB light
3 O2
oxygen
2 O3
ozone
3 O2
oxygen
2. Ozone
<200nm nm
The ozone from oxygen absorbs the most-damaging UV light.
The oxygen-ozone cycle serves as Earth’s sunscreen!
UVA ( nm) does reach Earth’s surface and causes sunburn and aging.
You still need to use your sunscreen and sunglasses!

22. Why Study Plants? Because Plants Are Sources Of… CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2O
light
chlorophyll
1. Oxygen
8. Latex - Tires, Gloves, Condoms
2. Ozone
9. Resins - Varnish, Paint, Plastics
3. Food - Veggies, Fruits, Meat!
10. Flavors, Fragrances
4. Wood - Paper - Rayon
11. Decoration - Landscaping
5. Fibers - Cotton, Flax, Hemp
12. Occupations - Advancement
6. Fossil Fuel - Oil, Coal, CH4
Plastics, Drugs, Electricity
7. Medicines - Natural, Synthetic

23. Why Study Plants? Because Plants Are Sources Of… CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2O
light
chlorophyll
1. Oxygen
8. Latex - Tires, Gloves, Condoms
2. Ozone
9. Resins - Varnish, Paint, Plastics
3. Food - Veggies, Fruits, Meat!
10. Flavors, Fragrances
4. Wood - Paper - Rayon
11. Decoration - Landscaping
5. Fibers - Cotton, Flax, Hemp
12. Occupations - Advancement
6. Fossil Fuel - Oil, Coal, CH4
13. Decrease Greenhouse Gas
Plastics, Drugs, Electricity
14. Drain Wet Soils
7. Medicines - Natural, Synthetic
15. Provide Shade

24. Why Study Plants? Plants are sources of…
Oxygen
Ozone
Food
Wood and Paper
Fossil Fuel
Fiber
Flavors and Fragrances
Medicines
Latex
Resins
Decoration
Occupations
Carbon dioxide sink
Shade