1. How Long Ago? Extant 0.5 Land! Animals 1 Multicellular 2
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
0.5
Land!
Animals 1
Multicellular 2
First Eukaryotes
Extinct 3
Cyanobacterial Oxygen
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
4 BYBP
Origin of Life
Original Cell

2. Evidence Categories History - clearer recently, more obscure anciently
Fossils - stratigraphic depth, isotope decay, etc.
Chemical - metabolic products such as O2, Ss
Molecular - DNA sequence alterations, etc.
Developmental sequences - onto- phylo- geny
Biogeography - Pangea, Gondwana & Laurasia

3. How do we know the Evolution Pathway?
Phylogenetic Systematics
Inferences from comparison of extant organisms
Characters-Attributes of the organism
Anatomy
Morphology
Development
Physiology
Macromolecule Sequences
Polarizing Character States
Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants
Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives
Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms
Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism
Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup

4. Typical Cladogram Present Extant A Extant B A’ A” A’”
This branching of evolution is called cladogenesis.
Extinct
Transitional
Forms
A’ is the common ancestor of extant A and extant B
Time
This straight line of evolution is called anagenesis.
Common
Ancestor
Ancient

5. Typical Cladogram Present Extant A Extant C Extant B A’
A’ A B constitute a clade
A” C are a grade (is paraphyletic) A”
Time
A” C A’ A B are a clade
A’”
A’ A B is the sister group of C
Common
Ancestor
Ancient

6. Typical Cladogram Present Extant A Extant C Extant B Extant D Extant E
D A””’ E are a ?
clade
A””
Extinct!
Common ancestor +
A””’ D E are a ?
grade A”
Time
A’”
The ABC clade may be, say, a genus.
The DE clade may be another genus…
in the same family
Common
Ancestor
Ancient
The ABCDE clade would be the family

7. Typical Cladogram Present Extant A Extant B Extant C Extant D Extant E
On the other
hand…
A””’
Extinct!
AB are a genus
C is a monotypic
genus
DE are a genus A”
Time
A””
A’”
ABC might be one family
DE are in another family
Common
Ancestor
Ancient
ABCDE might constitute an order

8. Protists are polyphyletic (unnatural taxon) Extant
Multicellular Animals
Myxozoans
Protozoans
Tracheophytes
Bryophytes
True Fungi
Slime Molds
Red algae
Brown Algae
Green Algae
Chrysophytes
Euglenoids
Archezoans
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Animals and
Fungi are a clade!
Plants are a clade (monophyletic)
Extinct
Eukaryotic organisms are a clade
Prokaryotic organisms are a grade (paraphyletic)
Living organisms are part of one clade
Original Cell

9. How do you DO classification?
Warmup!
Get with a partner to form a team
Look over the cards you are given for your team
Every group gets the same set of 8 cards
Bob
Sue
Deb
Lou
Jen
Cal
Hal
Val
Sort the cards into what you believe may be natural groups
Names do not count, use only shapes shown on card
Decide who will tell the class how you sorted your groups
What theme unites/defines each group

10. How do you DO classification?
Sharing our Results

11. The Forest Meet! This game is a cross-country race in a forest
All runners enter the forest by a single south entrance
The finish line is the northern boundary of the forest
Runners need not exit at any particular place at the finish
There are many trails through the woods
Trails only bifurcate (form two branches) at forks
Trails never join together or rejoin after forking
Along the trail straightaways are check-in stations
At each check-in station, a worker has a unique stamp
Each runner has a card that is stamped as s/he passes a station
Runners are not allowed to retrace a path
All runners must finish the race
Using the punch cards handed in at the finish line:
Sketch the trail map
Show all station locations (on the straightaways)
Mark the exit used by each runner

12. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val x          

13. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val
Total  x 8  5  2  1  4     3  

14. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results
Runners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
All of the runners passed the circle station, so this station must be near the start 
Start

15. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val
Total  x 8  5  2  1  4     3  

16. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results
Runners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
Five of the runners passed the teardrop station, but three did not, so our 8 runners must have divided into two groups
Bob, Deb, Cal
Sue, Lou, Jen, Hal, Val  
Start

17. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val
Total  x 8  5  2  1  4     3  

18. Runners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
The Forest Meet
Sharing our Results
Hal
Runners can finish anywhere along this northern edge
Because paths do not rejoin, Hal is separated and thus we can draw him at the finish line
Four runners of the group of five passed the diamond station, but Hal did not, so he split away before this station
Sue, Lou, Jen, Val
Bob, Deb, Cal
Sue, Lou, Jen, Hal, Val   
Start

19. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val
Total  x 8  5  2  1  4     3  

20. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Hal Finish Line
Bob, Deb, and Cal all passed the triangle station so it was along the path they shared
Sue, Lou, Jen, Val
Bob, Deb, Cal    
Start

21. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val
Total  x 8  5  2  1  4     3  

22. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Bob Hal Finish Line
Jen and Lou passed the heart station, but Sue and Val passed the spade station, so the group of four divided
Deb, and Cal passed the star station, but Bob did not, so the group divided
Jen, Lou
Sue, Val
Deb, Cal  
Sue, Lou, Jen, Val 
Bob, Deb, Cal    
Start

23. The rest are autapomorphies
The Forest Meet
The rest are autapomorphies
Bob
Sue
Deb
Lou
Jen
Cal
Hal
Val
Total  x 8  5  2  1  4     3  

24. The Forest Meet Autapomorphies! Bob Cal Deb Hal Jen Lou Sue Val   
Deb, Cal      
Notice the runners are in alphabetical order. But this is not the only solution
All branches can be rotated:
e.g.: Lou before Jen
Sue-Val before Jen-Lou   
Start

25. The Forest Meet! But Wait!
We have one really-slow runner just exiting!
Here is his card…figure out his pathway

26. The Forest Meet Sharing our Results Bob Sue Deb Lou Jen Cal Hal Val
Ross  x          

27. The Forest Meet Bob Cal Deb Hal Ross Jen Lou Sue Val         
What did Ross do?
What is parsimonious?
Are our ideas wrong?  
Maybe Ross followed Hal..
Then hit a rougue station? 
Start

28. The Clade Race! This game is a cross-country race in a forest
All runners enter the forest by a single south entrance
The finish line is the northern boundary of the forest
Runners need not exit at any particular place at the finish
There are many trails through the woods
Trails only bifurcate (form two branches) at forks
Trails never join together or rejoin after forking
Along the trail straightaways are check-in stations
At each check-in station, a worker has a unique stamp
Each runner has a card that is stamped as s/he passes a station
Runners are not allowed to retrace a path
All runners must finish the race
Using the punch cards handed in at the finish line:
Sketch the trail map
Show all station locations (on the straightaways)
Mark the exit used by each runner
1. This game represents the evolution of some related organisms
2. The organisms are believed to be a clade (w/common ancestor)
3. The organisms we are using are all extant (none are fossils)
4. We make no assumptions about possible phenotypes observed
5. We make few assumptions about the evolution pathway
• Cladogenesis divides one species into two species
• We assume there is no convergent or parallel evolution
6. Anagenesis is expected to occur between generations
7. Evolution shows its record of changes in the genotype
8. The record of evolution in genotype is shown in the phenotype
9. Evolution is permanent; we assume no reversals of states
10. In this study, we are using no fossils of extinct clade members
11. Using the phenotypes observed in the extant organisms:
• Sketch the cladogram
• Show the location of character state transitions
• Show the relationships among the taxa

29. How do you DO cladistics?
Look at a group of organisms that you think are related
Find a not-too-distantly related (primitive?) out-group
Select characters that will help to distinguish the organisms
Polarize the character states by:
Stratigraphic sequence (fossil sequence)
Developmental sequence (ontogeny recaps phylogeny)
Outgroup comparison
Build a data matrix
Group by number of synapomorphies (shared derived)
Sketch possible cladograms
Seek simplest (most parsimonious) cladogram