1. Causes of the Reformation
Renaissance
Values
Printing Press & Vernacular
Powerful Monarchs
People were unhappy with the Church
Corruption

2. Abuses in the Church Church charged fees for services: Simony
marriages, funerals, and baptisms
To raise money to support their lifestyle
Simony
Selling of Church offices
Marriage of Priests
Salvation through ---- Indulgences

3. Indulgences $$ ppl paid to priests John Tetzel
decreased their soul’s time in purgatory
Released a sinner from performing a penalty for sins
A pardon
John Tetzel
He offered indulgences to anyone who contributed money for rebuilding the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome.
not only to living people but for their dead relatives as well

4. Early Critics John Wycliffe & Jan Hus Denied pope had worldly power
Bible had more power than Church leaders

5. Questions What are indulgences? Who is John Tetzel?
Predict which of the reasons for the Reformation will cause Luther to protest.

6. Protestant Reformation: Luther Challenges the Church

7. Background… rough childhood The storm that changed Luther’s life
His parents were peasants
His parents were cruel
The storm that changed Luther’s life
Luther devotes his life to the church
Wants to be a good Christian
Unhappy with the church

8. Luther the Monk
Luther spent every waking hour trying to earn his way into heaven
The harder Luther worked, the more he became disillusioned by the demands of the church

9. Problems With the Church?
Popes became very rich
Popes were involved in wars
Many priests & monks were poorly educated
No German Bibles
Many also had wives & children!

10. Luther Challenges the Church
Luther became upset
Problems in church & Johann Tetzel
Luther’s response:
The 95 Thesis
This starts the Reformation

11. 95 Theses Nails to Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany Major Points
Bible Alone
Bible is Ultimate Authority
Faith alone
Salvation only attained by faith
All are equal
All believers are equal under god

12. Called for Modifications
Rejected 5 of 7 sacraments, not in the Bible
Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, prayers to saints
Allow clergy to marry

13. Luther’s Response at Worms
I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not retract anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. I cannot do otherwise, here I stand, may God help me. Amen.
Go over Video Clip

14. Response of the Church Pope Leo issued a decree Luther excommunicated
Threaten excommunication
Luther refuses to recant
Luther excommunicated
Though Luther was excommunicated; his ideas still spread. How?

15. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V Diet at Worms Devout Catholic
Ordered Luther to trial
Luther refused to recant
Edict of Worms

16. Edit of Worms Charles declared Luther an outlaw & heretic
What does this mean for Luther?
What happened to Luther after the trial?
Some princes helped him
Luther’s followers became known as
Lutherans
Anyone that protested against the Catholic Church become known as
Protestants

17. Peasant Revolts Peasants Revolt Unhappy Luther upset
Wanted reform like Luther
Social & Economic
End Serfdom
Peasants Revolt
Luther upset
Revolt is not how to do things
Princes’ armies crush revolt, told by Luther
Peasants reject Luther

18. German Princes German Princes War with Charles V Some shared beliefs
Some want land back
From Charles V
Others remained loyal to the Pope
War with Charles V
Charles V tried to force Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Church
Protestants vs. Catholics
Peace of Augsburg

19. Peace of Augsburg
(1555) Peace of Augsburg allowed princes to decide the religion of their land:
Catholic or Lutheran
Most northern states: Lutheran
Southern states: Catholic

20. Henry VIII Breaks With the Church

21. Henry’s Background Became king of England at age 18
Henry was loyal to the church
Henry criticized Luther
“Limb of the Devil”
The Pope called Henry VIII
“Defender of the Faith”

22. Cause of the Reformation in England
PROBLEM!!!
Feared a civil war after his death
Henry needed an heir
Henry & Catherine of Aragon had one child:
Mary ~ no woman had ever successfully claimed the throne
Henry and Catherine’s five other children had all died at birth

23. Henry’s Solution? A new wife!
Henry thought his wife was the problem (Genes??)
He wanted to marry another woman: Anne Boleyn
The problem?
The Pope was under the influence of Charles V
Catherine’s cousin
He would not grant the divorce

24. Henry’s Plan B? Separate From the Church!
Henry asked Parliament to strip the Pope of his power over England
The Act of Supremacy
This act declared the king the head of the Church in England
Parliament then gave Henry his divorce
He married Anne Boleyn

25. Plan C? Anne Boleyn What was Henry to do? Jane Seymour
Gave birth to a daughter ~ Elizabeth
What was Henry to do?
Charge her w/treason
Have her beheaded
Jane Seymour
Gave him a son~ Edward
She died and he married 3 more times
No more children

26. Catherine of Aragon (Divorced)
Anne Boleyn (Beheaded)
Jane Seymour (Died)
Anne of Cleves (Divorced)
Catherine Howard (Beheaded)
Catherine Parr (Survived)

27. Effects of the Reformation in England
Religious Turmoil
Edward ~ guided by devout Protestants
Introduced protestant reforms to England
Mary ~ Catholic
Returned the English Church to the rule of the pope
Violence – “Bloody Mary”
Not everyone wanted to return to the Catholic Church
She had many Protestants killed

28. Elizabeth Establishes the Church of England ~Anglican Church
No Pope – Elizabeth
Only legal church in England
For Protestants
Priests allowed to marry
Sermons in English
For Catholics
Kept things like rich robes
Revised the services

29. New Religions & The Spread of the Reformation

30. Roman Catholic Pope is head of Church Canon Law
Salvation by indulgences
Priest interprets Bible for everyone

31. Protestant Anabaptism:
a member of a 16th-century Protestant movement promoting the doctrine of adult baptism on the grounds that only adults can accept and declare their faith on their own behalf

32. Lutheran Martin Luther: Germany Bible is word of God
All believers are equal
Believers interpret bible
Salvation attained by faith alone

33. Anglican Henry VIII English Monarch head of Church Church of England
Salvation by faith
Bible source of revealed truth
Believers interpret Bible w/ tradition and reason

34. John Calvin Follower of Luther Studied law & philosophy in Fr.
Fled to Switz. to avoid persecution
The Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)
Summary of Protestant philosophy
Influential in spreading Protestant beliefs

35. Calvin’s Main Ideas Theocracy: Predestination People naturally sinful
God would select a “chosen few” to be free of sin
How is this different from Luther’s ideas?
Theocracy:
Government controlled by religious leaders
The chosen ones would rule in society and glorify god
Salvation reached through faith alone
Bible only source of truth

36. Calvin’s Geneva Calvin & his followers ran the city
Fines and other punishments for fighting, swearing, laughing in church, or dancing. Closed theatres, no elaborate dress
Those who broke the rules
Imprisoned, excommunicated, banished
If you preached different doctrines
Might be burned at the stake

37. John Knox Knox visited Geneva Knox established Protestant communities
Knox brought Protestantism to Scotland
Knox established Protestant communities
governed by a small group of elders
Presbyters (Presbyterians)

38. Protestant Churches Spread
French Calvinists = Huguenots
Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Scotland, England were all dominated by Protestants by the end of the 1500s

39. The Counter-Reformation

40. Ignatius A Catholic from Spain
Injured in battle with the French
During recovery, thought about his relationship with god
Spiritual Exercises
Day-by-day plan for prayer and study
Believed they cleansed his soul
Founded the Society of Jesus
Jesuits

41. The Three Activities of the Jesuits
Created schools where priests were well educated
Converted non-Christians
Devoted to stopping the spread of Protestantism

42. Reform of the Church Goals:
Strengthen the Catholic Church
Combat Protestantism
Popes took action to fix problems w/in the church
Investigated simony, indulgences, and other abuses in the church
Called Council of Trent into session

43. The Council of Trent The Pope’s interpretation of the Bible was final.
Those who disagreed were heretics
Christians were not saved by faith alone
It was faith and good deeds
The Bible and Church shared equal authority
Indulgences, pilgrimages and other church practices were acceptable