1. The “New World” Colonization 1491-1700

2. Early Exploration & Contact
Columbus 1492 arrived in Bahamas. Hispaniola. Columbus controversial legacy?
Columbian Exchange: transfer of plants, animals, and germs/diseases. FSpanish
conquistadores – search for gold “requerimiento”
Encomienda system: land grants & natives to Spaniards
Asiento system: slave trade from W. Africa taxes supported monarch

3. Jamestown & Virginia
James I issues a to the Virginia Company a joint-stock company.
Jamestown founded 1607 swampy area along James River
Problems: malaria & dysentery, “gentlemen” didn’t want to work, searched for gold, “starving time”
Survived under leadership of John Smith &trade w/ Powhatan Confederacy
John Rolfe (married to Pocahontas) developed tobacco - cash crop
Most immigrants were indentured servants under Headright system
James I
John Smith
John Rolfe

4. Plymouth
Founded for more religious reasons – Puritan Separatist “pilgrims” – based on Calvinism – belief in predestination
1620 Mayflower – 100 passengers– less than half Separatists – permission from VA Company but landed in Massachusetts. Mayflower Compact
Lost ½ of settlers during 1st winter, but with leadership of William Bradford & Captain Miles Standish & help of Wampanoag Indians survived, 1st Thanksgiving in 1621
Grew slowly & remained small colony
Economy: fish, fur, and lumber
Squanto
Gov. William Bradford

5. Massachusetts Bay Colony
Founded by moderate Puritans – persecution increased in England 1625 under Charles I
1630 John Winthrop leads 1,000 to form Massachusetts Bay Colony in Boston
Winthrop’s “A Model of Christian Charity” “We shall be as a city upon a hill” represents ideals of colony
“Great Migration” English Civil War drove 15,000 settlers to New England during 1630s
John Winthrop

6. King Philip’s War ( }
Metacom (King Philip) Chief of the Wampanoags united the tribes of New England.
The war ended in failure for the Indians
Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.
His son and wife sold into slavery.
Never a serious threat in New England again!!

7. Maryland Huh? Lord Baltimore formed a proprietary colony in 1634.
Haven for Catholics
Tobacco main cash crop.
“Act of Toleration” 1649
Freedom of worship
for all!
Death to all
Jews and Atheists !
Huh?

8. New Netherlands to New York
James II Duke of York
Founded by the Dutch in 1625
1664 British take over without a fight
Center of trade and very Cosmopolitan  diverse population with many different languages.

9. Pennsylvania Founded by William Penn in 1681
Quakers “Society of Friends”
pacifists,
fair treatment of Indians,
more equality,
religious freedom
Opposed slavery
Philadelphia “City of Brotherly Love”

10. American Long Grain Rice
Carolinas & Georgia
North Carolina: Tobacco plantations
South Carolina: Rice & Indigo
High demand for slaves from West Africa
By 1710  black slaves were a majority in South Carolina.
Georgia: Founded by James Oglethorpe in
“Buffer-zone” from Spanish Florida
Haven for debtors
American Long Grain Rice

12. Rise of Slavery
First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619 treated like indentured servants.
Slavery not significant until the late 1600s
1690: 13,000 slaves
1750: more than 200,000

13. Causes of Rise of Slavery
Increased demand for slaves
Less English indentured servants
West Africans were experienced in Rice cultivation and more resistant to malaria.
Cheap labor—tobacco prices fall, need large numbers of unskilled workers for rice & indigo
Effect on population:
By 1750 slaves were 50% of Virginia, 66% of South Carolina populations.

14. The Atlantic “Triangular” TradeS
The Atlantic “Triangular” Trade
Slaves – sugar – rum - guns

15. The “Middle Passage”
Harsh conditions: 13% died along journey from West Africa to Americas

16. Slave Codes & Stono Rebellion
Slave Codes: harsh laws passed in South
Stono Rebellion: 1739 in South Carolina – 20 slaves revolted from one plantation (80 others joined)
50 slaves and 25 whites killed- largest slave revolt during the Colonial Period.

17. The Enlightenment Early 1700s philosophy movement from Europe
Reason over faith, science over religion
Benjamin Franklin inventions & almanac
Questioned traditional monarchy
John Locke “Natural Rights”

18. The Great Awakening R
Religious revival in response to effects of Enlightenment in 1740s
Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield leading ministers
“Sinners in the Hands of An Angry God”
God is angry but can forgive – anyone can repent & be saved
Blamed science, greed, & traditional church for drop in faith

19. Effects of the Great Awakening
RELIGION
Emotional services
Ministers lose authority many people study bible at home
New Lights (supporters):
Baptists, Methodists
Old Lights -(anti) traditionalists - ministers needed to interpret Bible
Causes diversity of sects & competition
POLITICS
Affects all classes and regions
Experience shared by all American colonists
Changes how people view authority in general
Long-term drive to expand political equality

20. Mercantilism
Mercantilism: Dominant European economic system in 17th Century – self-sufficient kingdoms
Empires compete through favorable balance of trade = export manufactured goods, import wealth (gold/silver)
Colonies exist to benefit the mother country
Highly government regulated economy
“Navigation Acts” ( )
Trade only on English or colonial-built ships
All goods imported to colonies must first travel to English ports
Specified goods (tobacco) from colonies could only be exported to England (eventually includes most goods)
Effects: NE shipbuilding prospered, military protection, but limited colonial manufacturing, higher prices for English imported goods
Some goods prohibited to export from colonies: Woolen Act (1699, Molasses Act of 1733 banned import from French W. Indies
Colonists resented acts over time
led to smuggling of Dutch & Spanish goods, & corruption
MA Bay had charter revoked in 1684 due to rampant smuggling

21. Map Quiz Which colonies are considered part of New England?
Which colonies are considered Southern Colonies?
Which colonies are considered the Middle Colonies?
Which colony was originally founded by the Dutch?
Which colony was founded by Quakers?

22. Which colonies relied on tobacco as their cash crop?
Which colony’s cash crop was indigo and rice?
Which colony was founded by Lord Baltimore as a haven for Catholics?
Which colony was founded as a buffer against the Spanish and a refuge for debtors?
Which colonies were founded by Puritans?
Which colony had the highest % of slaves?

23. North America in 1750
What caused the French & Indian War?