1. Global Review

2. Early Civilizations

3. Hunters and Gatherers (Old Stone Age)
Also called nomads, or people who moved from place to place.
Social structure consisted of small groups of people that traveled together.
Made simple tools and weapons, such as digging sticks and spears.
Developed a language which allowed them to cooperate in a hunt.
Began burying dead with care- maybe believed in afterlife
Buried tools and weapons with their dead.
Invented clothing made of animal skins.
Used fire for warmth and for cooking food.

4. Nomad
A member of a group that has no permanent home, wandering from place to place in search of food and water.
Nomadic groups whose food supply depends on hunting animals and collecting plant foods are called hunter-gatherers.
These people increased their food supply by inventing tools such as spears and knives.
The nomadic lifestyle eventually lead to the domesticated way of life, where crops were planted and animals were raised for food.
In present day, nomads still exist in places such as the Kalahari Desert and the BaMbuti rainforest.

5. Neolithic
Neolithic revolution was around 10,000 B.C.
Environmental changes caused an end to the stone age because people could farm and domesticate animals.
People no longer had to wander to search for food but could raise their own food and live in permanent settlements.
This new age was called the Neolithic period
The new discoveries called the Neolithic Revolution or the Agricultural Revolution because the new farming discoveries changed the way people lived.

6. Cultural Diffusion (The old stone age)
The exchange of ideas, customs, and goods among cultures.
Migration, during the old stone age people migrated into North America and other migrated to the islands in the Pacific, led to cultural diffusion.
Cultural diffusion also occurred through trade and warfare.
An example is the Sumerians, as their population and trade increased the Sumerians started coming in contact with other people. New cities were arising all over the Fertile Crescent. The Sumerians absorbed ideas such as religious beliefs from neighboring cultures.

7. Civilization
Defined as a complex culture with five characteristics (1)advanced cities, (2)specilized workers, (3)complex institutions, (4) record keeping, and (5) advanced technology
Advanced cities: center for trade
Specialized workers: not everyone had to farm people could specialize in other areas like traders or artisans.
Complex institutions: like government need to be a lasting pattern of organization in a community
Record keeping: all civilizations have a system of writing to keep track of taxes and laws
advanced technology: new tools and techniques that are needed to solve the problems.

8. Pharaoh The Pharaoh was considered a god as well as a ruler
The King of ancient Egypt
The Pharaoh was considered a god as well as a ruler
This type of government was a theocracy because Pharaoh was a divine figure and at the head of government
The Egyptians believed that Pharaoh was in charge of the kingdom's well-being
He caused the sun to rise and the crops to grow
The pharaoh also was responsible for the court system and promoting truth and justice
Egyptians also believed that their kings ruled even after they had died
Pyramids were built for the pharaohs because it was believed that their eternal spirit reigned forever

9. Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent is an area of land that lies between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea in Southwest Asia.
The Fertile Crescent is also known as Mesopotamia.
The people of which were the first to settle in this area around 4500 B.C, were the Sumerians.
The Tigris and the Euphrates rivers, which lie within the crescent, flow southeastward to the Persian Gulf. Once a year, they flood the Crescent, and it leaves a thick layer of silt, a thick mud, which keeps the land so moist and fertile. In this thick layer of soil, the farmers can plant and harvest enormous quantities of wheat barley, allowing their villages to grow.
The good soil was what attracted people to Mesopotamia, but this type of environment had three disadvantages to it
The flooding of the rivers was unpredictable, they could come as early as April, and as late as June. The floods would recede, the hot sun would dry them up, no rain would fall, and the land would become dry and desert-like.
The region was small, about the size of Massachusetts, and villages were in small clusters and were almost defenseless.
Natural resources were extremely limited, they didn’t have much to use for tools and buildings.

10. Sumerian Civilization (4000b.c- 500a.d)
Sumerians lived 5000 years ago in Sumer, Mesopotamia.
The Sumerians lived by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Government
Each Sumerian state had a hereditary ruler who was seen as chief servant to the gods.
Religion
Each Sumerian state was believed in many powerful gods or the were polytheistic.
Most of the gods were compared to the forces of nature.
The largest buildings were temples called ziggurat's.
Economy
Their economy was based on trading.
Contributions
The Sumerians developed a form of writing called cuneiform.
They also developed algebra and geometry.
Sumerians built the worlds first wheeled vehicle and had irrigation systems, dikes, and canals.

11. Middle Kingdom (1650 B.C.) Social Structure:
The Middle Kingdom was the early kingdom of China.
The geography in the region isolated the Chinese people, more so than other civilizations.
Because they had little contact with other cultures, the Chinese people believed their culture was the center of the world, so they named it the Middle Kingdom.
Most people of this region lived along the coast and in the river valleys.
Though the country had a king, clans, or large family groups, controlled the land.
The king in Shang China set up the first dynasty in China.
Social Structure:
Noble Warriors : owned land
Merchants and Craftsmen : earned a living in the cities
Peasants : largest amount of people, lived in farming villages

12. Bantu Migration(2,000 years ago)
The Bantu refer to over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, united by a common language family, the Bantu languages, and in many cases common customs.
About 2,000 years ago, small groups of Bantu speakers began spreading south and east.
They shared their skills with people they met on their journey, adapted their methods to suit their new environment, and learned new ways.
Moving eastward toward the savannas they adapted their skills for herding goats and sheep to raising cattle.
Passing through what is now Kenya and Tanzania, they learned to cultivate new crops.
This expanded their food supply
They followed the Congo river through the rain forests, there they farmed the riverbanks.
1,500 years = Bantu speakers reached the southern tip of
Africa
They believe the Bantu migrated because their was an
explosion of food supply, which increased the population.
With this increase, their was a need for food and land, so
people went to search these out resulting in the migration.

13. Classical Civilizations

14. Zhou Dynasty
Around 1027 B.C., the Zhou overthrew the Shang and brought new ideas such as the Mandate of Heaven into Chinese culture.
Controlled vast amounts of land, so the government established the system known as Feudalism, in which nobles are given use of the lands that the king legally owns, in exchange for the nobles’ loyalty and military service to the king.
The Chinese people gradually accepted the Zhou ways.
The Zhou improved trade by introducing coined money to China, and also made advancements such as using iron in weapons and agricultural tools.
The Zhou dynasty rule ended in 256 B.C.

15. Mandate of Heaven + Used by the ancient Chinese dynasties
+ The belief that the right to rule is granted from Heaven
+ There is only one Heaven therefore there can be only one ruler.
+ The right to rule is based on the virtue of the ruler.
The right to rule is not limited to one dynasty.

16. Han Dynasty The founding of the Han Dynasty: Han Technology
Liu Bang fought for the power of the dynasty against Xiang Xu, an aristocratic general
Liu Bang established a centralized government in which a central authority controls the running of a state
Started civil service jobs, government jobs that civilians could obtain by taking examinations to work for the bureaucracy that helped the rulers. They would test the civilians on Confucianism
Han Technology
Paper was invented and before this books were written on silk but paper was cheaper so it made books more able to spread Chinese education
Everyone began to think agriculture was the most important so everyone began to practice it
Overthrow by Wang Mang
He was a Confucian scholar and member of the court he overthrew the infant leader and the Han dynasty

17. Polis
A Greek city-state– the fundamental political unit of ancient Greece after about 750 B.C.
After the sea of peoples invaded mainland Greece around 1200 B.C., the Dorians moved in the area. Greek civilization experienced a decline during this time. By 750 B.C. the Greeks saw the rise of powerful city-states.
Made up of a city and its surrounding countryside, which included numerous villages.
Most city-states controlled between 50 and 500 square miles of territory.
In some city-states there were monarchies, however in time most adopted aristocracy. These very rich ruling families often gained political power after working in a king’s military cavalry.
As trade expanded, a new class of wealthy merchants and artisans emerged in some cities. When these groups became dissatisfied with aristocratic rule, they either took power or shared it with the nobility. They formed an oligarchy.
Athens and Sparta are famous city states.

18. Direct Democracy
Direct democracy is a select group of people who have all the say in the government.
The people get the chance o vote for who they want those select individuals to be.
If the people chose the wrong people for the job then they would not be able to change it.
The only way to overthrow them would be to kill them.

19. Hellenistic
Hellenistic is a Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences.
Koine is the most popular spoken language.
This Greek culture was spread by Alexander the Great as he conqueror places like Egypt, and Persia
Alexander the Great

20. Roman Empire The Roman Empire was founded in 753 B.C.
This republic slowly became one of the worlds most powerful empire.
Around 50 B.C. Julius Caesar took control of Rome.
Caesar soon became the absolute ruler of the Roman Empire.
Caesars biggest goal for Rome was to make it the biggest empire ever, so he would constantly invade countries to enlarge his territory.
Caesar was assassinated and his grandnephew takes over his name Caesar Augustus and brought the republic to and end thus starting the age of the roman empire this two-hundred year peace was called the Pax Romania.

21. Pax Romana 27 B.C to 180 A.D. The Pax Romana Achievements
The period of peace and prosperity in Rome. Also known as “Roman Peace.”
The population increased during this period.
Cultural and intellectual achievements of Rome increased.
Achievements
The laws of twelve tables-set of laws such as a person is considered innocent until proven guilty.
Aqueducts- bridge like structures used to carry water to long distances.
The use of arch’s and dome’s for the Pantheon.
Greek and roman culture spread throughout culture.

22. Belief Systems

23. Animism
An ancient religion that centralizes it’s beliefs around the belief that human-like spirits are present in animals, plants, and all other natural objects.
The spirits are believed to be the souls of dead ancestors.
Spirits possess living and non-living things
Often combined with other religions to extend beliefs.

24. POLYTHEISTIC BELIEF IN OR WORSHIP OF MULTIPLE GODS
THE WORD COMES FROM A ANCIENT GREEK WORD
MOST ANCIENT RELIGIONS WERE POLYTHEISTIC
OFTEN PRACTICED RITULAS AND SCARFICES TO THE MANY GODS

25. Monotheistic Definition: a belief in a single god
Greek words “mono” meaning “one” and “theism” meaning “god-worship”
The Hebrews (Jews) were the first religions to become monotheistic. They believed in one god for protection who they called Yahweh. Yahweh had power over everyone, not just the Jews and Hebrews.
God was not a physical being, and no physical images were to be made of him.
According to the Torah the treason Yahweh looked after the Hebrews was because Abraham promised to obey him, not because of ceremonies or sacrifices as seen in polytheism.

26. HINDUISM Started with Nomads in the Indus Valley in 1500 B.C.
Brahmah – one unifying spirit
Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver, Shiva the Destroyer
Goal of life is to unite with Brahman (through reincarnation)
Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul in a new body, get closer to Brahman with every rebirth
Karma – deeds of ones life that effect his or her next life
Dharma – moral and religious duties that are expected from an individual
Caste system – social class system
Vedas – one of the books of Hinduism, filled with sacred teachings

27. Karma (750 B.C.)
Hindus share a common world-view.
They see religion as a way of liberating the soul from the illusions, disappointments, and mistakes of everyday existence.
Sometime between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C., Hindu teachers tried to interpret and explain the hidden meaning of the Vedic hymns.
As they meditated on the Vedas, they asked:
What is the nature of reality?
What is morality?
Is there eternal life?
What is the soul?
A belief in reincarnation, or rebirth of the soul in another body after death, forms the basis of Hinduism and underlies the entire cast system.
A person’s cast is their reward or punishment for karma, deeds committed in a previous life.
Karma influences specific life circumstances, such as the cast one is born into, one’s state of health, wealth or poverty, and so on.

28. Reincarnation
Reincarnation is a central teaching of the Hindu Religion.
When one is born they are given life by Brahma, as they pass through life they are preserved by Vishnu, until Shiva claims you in death.
Than the cycle is repeated over and over again until one finally achieves Moksha.
Rivers are used to symbolize reincarnation because they have a constant flow, yet follow the same course.

29. Buddhism Four Noble truths- Sacred text-
Originated in India, by Siddhartha Guatama
Four Noble truths-
All life is suffering
Suffering is caused by desire for things that re illusions
The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire
Following the Eightfold Path will help people overcome desire
Sacred text-
Tripitaka- Three baskets of wisdom
Ultimate goal: Nirvana- union with the universe and release from the cycle of death and rebirth

30. Four Noble Truths
The Four Noble Truths were a part of Siddhartha Gautama’s Buddhism.
These truths were what was understood by Siddhartha in his enlightenment.
They were ideas that were supposed to be followed to seek enlightenment, or wisdom.
The First Noble Truth- Everything in life is suffering and sorrow.
The Second Noble Truth- The cause of all suffering is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world.
The Third Noble Truth- The way to end all suffering is to end all desires.
The Fourth Noble Truth- The way to overcome such desires and to attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold Path, which is called the Middle Way between desires and self-denial.

31. Nirvana- 250 B.C. Belief of the Buddhist religion.
Defined as union with the universe. It is also a release from the cycle of death and rebirth.
It is also a release from selfishness and pain.
Buddha stressed that each individual person could reach a peace state called nirvana.
You have to follow the Eightfold Path in order to reach nirvana.
To achieve Nirvana, you would have to reject the sensory world and embracing spiritual discipline.

32. Confucianism Confucianism started in China during the Zhou Dynasty
Confucianism was the guide to the nature of government and the structure to society
Men were thought to be superior to women
Confucius wrote The Analects
Confucius believed in order to establish social order, harmony and a good government he needed to use the
Five key relationships 1. friend to friend, 2.father to son, 3. ruler to subject, 4. husband to wife, 5. older brother to younger brother
Confucius stressed that children should practice filial piety or respect for their elders
There was also an influence on the Japanese

33. Taoism (or Daoism) bout 500 B.C.
Founder= Laozi
Live in harmony with nature
Contemplate Tao, or the ‘way’
Yielding and acceptance are important virtues
Followers rejected the world and human government, they often became hermits, mystics or poets.
Balance of yin and yang
Yin= earth, darkness, female forces
Yang= heaven, light, and male forces
Collected works: The Way of Virtue and zhuang-zi

34. Islam(1600s – 2005)
Islam is a religion that came about in the early 1600s.
The first follower was a merchant named Muhammad Ali.
He claimed that one night the voice of Allah (God) spoke to him, and thus he began the religion.
To be a Muslim (a submitted one) or a follower of Islam, followers must obey the five pillars or five duties to Allah.
The first of the five pillars is faith – the follower must proclaimed that Allah is the one true God and Muhammad is the messenger of God.
The second of the five pillars is prayer – five times a day the Muslims must face toward Mecca (the holy city) and pray.
The third of the five pillars is alms – Muslims all have a responsibility to support the poor, which they do by giving religious tax, in money.
The fourth pillar of Islam is fasting – During the Muslim’s holy month called Ramadan the Muslims will eat nothing from dawn to sunset, and then only a simple meal to remind themselves that they should have greater priorities than bread.
The fifth pillar of Islam is pilgrimage – All Muslims who can afford it are supposed to make a pilgrimage to Mecca.
If a Muslim follows the five pillars of Mecca then they go to Heaven, if they don’t then they go to Hell.

35. Allah IS THE MUSLIM GOD HE IS THE ONE GOD OF ISLAM
WORSHIPED MOSTLY THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA

36. Muhammad * Muhammad was born into a clan of a powerful Mecca Family
* Muhammad took great interest in religion. When he was alone he mostly prayed and meditated.
* When he was 40 a voice called to him while he was meditating. The voice was believed to say that Muhammad was a messenger of god.
* In 622 Muhammad left Mecca. He went 200 miles north of Mecca too a town called Yathrib. This journey by Muhammad was known as the Hijrah.
* Muhammad returned to Mecca in 630 with his 10,000 followers.
* Mecca surrendered and Muhammad became leader. Most people in Mecca converted to Islam to pledge their loyalty to Muhammad.
* Muhammad dies two years later at the age of 62.

37. Five Pillars This applies to the Islamic religion. Faith Prayer Alms
To become muslin, you need to testify to the statement of faith: “there is no god but allah, Muhammad is the messenger of allah.
Prayer
Muslims must face Mecca and pray five times a day.
Alms
Muslims have been taught to support the less fortunate.
Fasting
During the Muslim month of Ramadan, Muslims fast. Fasting is eating and drinking nothing from sun up to sun down.
Pilgrimage
Muslims must go on a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime.

38. Christianity Jesus Christ was the founder of Christianity.
He was born around 6 to 4 B.C.
He began his ministry at age 30.
Jesus’ teachings included many Jewish beliefs, such as monotheism and the Ten Commandments. He stressed God’s personal relationship with each person.
Jesus’ followers were called ‘disciples’ and later ‘apostles’.
Jesus was crucified around A.D. 29 for ‘challenging the authority of the Roman government’. Jesus’ disciples believed that his crucifixion was a triumph over death and that he was the Messiah. The Jewish priests of the time did not believe he was the Messiah and call his ministry blasphemy.
Jesus’ disciples continued to spread Jesus’ teachings and Christianity later became a prominent religion throughout the world.

39. Bible Christians used the book as a way to follow their god.
The book consisted of the old and new testament.
The bible contains stories and messages about their god.
The old testament is their god’s life as it was on earth and how it came to be.

40. Judaism
Monotheistic – belief in one God who is present everywhere, all-knowing, all-powerful
Holy book – Torah
Writings are a sacred recording of the laws and events in Jewish history
Also writings of the prophets (spiritual leaders)
Believe that God made a covenant (agreement) with Abraham and the Hebrews to protect them
Ten Commandments from God given to Moses – laws that describe how people should behave towards God and each other
Believe that God chose the Hebrews as His people
Prophets were people who God talked to, they taught about moral standards and justice
Judaism later had a strong influence on Christianity and Islam

41. Diaspora
A Diaspora is a dispersion of a people from their original homeland. In global history we studied the Diaspora of the Jews from their homeland in Canaan (Israel) in 77 C.E. According to tradition, the Jews were given Israel by “God” in about 2000 B.C.E. In about 77 C.E., the Romans attacked Jerusalem and destroyed the temple. With Jerusalem now being controlled by the Romans, Jews dispersed throughout Eurasia in search of a place where they could practice freely. In 1948 A Jewish state of Israel was crated although many Jews still live in other parts of the World.

42. Cultural Exchange

43. The Gupta Dynasty (300-700) Known as India’s Golden Age ChandraGupta I
After being invaded and defeated India needed a new leader
The Gupta family came to rule, and managed to defeat the foreigners
The Gupta's reign would last 300 years from 329 to 650 A.D
ChandraGupta I
The first Gupta who turned around India and fought off foreigners and expanded India.
The Golden Age
The golden age of India During the Gupta’s was architecture and Buddhist art.

44. Caste System rich to poor
This is based on what place your are in society.
The say if you are up there in the caste system, that means that you have good “Karma” Which means that you where good in your past life.
In the caste system it is good to be a male, wealthy, and a warrior.
Sometimes the caste system is bad, like if you did something really bad then you are shun and no one can talk to them.
Untouchables lowest form of the Caste System.
rich to poor

45. Urbanization
Urbanization was the building of cities and the movement of people to the cities.
Some cities such as London and Berlin tripled or even quadrupled in size.

46. The Byzantium Empire In 395, the empire officially divided into two.
Western roman empire was outrun by Germanic tribes.
The new Rome
Constantinople, the new capital or the empire.
In 527, Justinian I becomes emperor.
High ranking Byzantine nobleman
Ruled with absolute power
Won Italy and Spain
He ruled almost all the territory all Rome had ever had
Made Justinian's code, set of laws, severed the empire for 900 years
In 671, Greek fire was invented.
In 1054, Christian church divides
Eastern orthodox
Roman catholic
In 1453 Constantinople falls to the Turks.

47. Justinian Code
To regulate a complex society, Justinian set up a panel of ten experts.
The panels task was to create a single, uniform code for Justinian’s New Rome.
The result of the panel’s work was a body of civil law known as the Justinian Code.
After its completion the code consisted of four works;
1. The Code contained about 5,000 Roman laws.
2. The Digest quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers about the laws. This work was ran to a total of 50 volumes.
3. The Institutes was a textbook that told law students how to use the laws.
4. The Novellae (New Laws) presented legislation passed after 534.
The Justinian Code decided legal questions that regulated whole areas of Byzantine life.

48. Islam’s Golden Age Islam Civilization - Islam’s Success -
Islam began in the Arabian peninsula in the early 7th century.
It spread from the Middle East to Africa , Spain and Sicily. Then to India and SE Asia.
Islam’s Success -
The strength of the Arab armies brought Islam it’s power.
Arab armies conquered much territory.
Abbassid Dynasty -
( ) The ruling family of the Islamic Empire
Responsible for many achievements.
The Islamic culture became a mixture of Arab, Persian, Egyptian, and European traditions.
The Golden Age became an era of stunning intellectual and cultural achievements. (art, literature, religion etc.)

49. Shiites The 2nd largest branch of the Islamic religion.
Shiites account for 10%-15% of all Muslims.
The central belief for Shiites is of the 12th Imam.
The 12th Imam is considered to be the only legitimate ruler, and the Shiites believe that the Muslim state can not be successful without this ruler in charge.
Khomeini served as the one who brought activism back into the Shiite mainstream.
During the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the Shiite activists tried to press their ideology onto the people.
They believe Islam should live as a tool to empower the oppressed.

50. Sunnis
In 661, a family called the Umayyad came to power, and set up a hereditary system of succession in Syria
They moved the Muslim capital from Mecca to Damascus to make ruling conquered territories easier
They abandoned a life of simplicity to surround themselves with wealth
The movement of the capital, along with their drift from Muslim beliefs, caused a fundamental divide in the Muslim community
A small group called the Shi’a openly resisted Umayyad rule
Those who did not openly resist, but disagreed with Umayyad rule were called Sunnis, meaning followers of Muhammad’s example
They believed the Umayyad had become too worldly and lost their religious faith

51. Caliph Caliph means “successor” or “Deputy”
A caliph is a supreme political and religious leader
Some famous caliphs are Abu-Bakr the first caliph, Umayyads was elected, and Abbasides who took control

52. Charlemagne Cooperation with the Church Government Learning
During the 800’s, Charlemagne, a Frankish king, built an empire (modern-day France, Germany, and part of Italy)
Cooperation with the Church
Charlemagne helped Pope Leo III defeat rebellious Roman nobles.
In return, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans”
Charlemagne wanted a united Christian Europe and helped spread Christianity
Government
Appointed nobles to rule local areas (He gave them land, they help defend the empire)
Sent off officials called missi Domenici to check on conditions throughout the empire
Learning
Encouraged learning
Set up school to educate government officials and established libraries where scholars copied ancient texts.
End of Charlemagne’s Reign
Died in empire fell apart as heirs battled for control
843- Charlemagne’s grandsons signed Treaty of Verdun- divided Charlemagne’s empire into 3 separate kingdoms (one for each grandson).
Charlemagne’s strong government was a model for future medieval rulers

53. Feudalism
A system of government in which local lords control their own lands but owe military service and support to a greater lord.
The land was divided into estates.
The lesser lords were called vassals.
Local lords owned serfs who would work the land
The serfs were able to live on the land in manors.

54. Manorialism Self-Sufficiency Troubles of Manor Life
Manors were the basic economic arrangement during the Middle Ages
The lord provided serfs with protection, housing, and strips of farmland
The serfs worked for the lord and maintained the estate
Peasants rarely traveled from their manor
Nearly everything they needed was produced: crops, fuel, cloth, lumber, and leather goods
The manor contained a church, mill, blacksmith, water, fields, anything that was needed
Troubles of Manor Life
Serfs had to pay taxes for grain, marriage, and 10% of their income as a tithe, or church tax
Serfs lived in crowded cottages, with dirt floors and straw beds
The peasants believed that God determined their place in society

55. Gothic
A style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires.
Developed in the 1100s, replacing the old Romanesque style of churches.
Gothic cathedrals, unlike the grave and ominous Romanesque buildings, stood very tall, as if reaching toward heaven.
Cathedrals started off in Germany and quickly spread throughout medieval Europe.
Soon, they were found in Paris, Chartres, Reims, Amiens, and Beauvais.
Nearly 500 Gothic cathedrals were built between 1170 and 1270.
Other forms of art centered around the Gothic style, such as sculpture, woodcarvings, and stained-glass windows.

56. Cultural Exchanges: The Crusades
During the Middle Ages, Europeans had only one significant unifying aspect of life.  The Catholic Church permeated every aspect of society. 
For about 200 years, Western Europe under the sway of the Catholic church attempted to retake the Holy Land away from the Muslims.  The largest target was the holy city of Jerusalem, however, other areas were fought over, such as the city of Constantinople.
Although the crusades were considered there were some positive effects. Europeans began to gain an expanded view of the world. Trade increased drastically. Crusaders brought home new fabrics, spices, and perfumes.

57. Saladin ∙ Respected Muslim Leader ∙Taking of Jerusalem
∙Saladin united the Muslim world in the late 1100’s.
∙He was respected by both Christians and Muslims.
∙Saladin went to Jerusalem and the Christians had their mind set on stopping him.
∙Taking of Jerusalem
∙There was no Christian victory when they went to stop Saladin.
∙Crusaders in Jerusalem surrendered, but Saladin would not let his soldiers kill or harm them the Crusaders or the people.
∙Richard the Lion-Hearted
∙King of England in 1189.
∙He wanted to take Jerusalem from Saladin.
∙Richard won a lot of victories during the Third Crusade.
∙Richards forces were unable to capture the city.

58. Impact of the Crusades Increased Trade Encouragement of Learning
Before the crusades trade with the Byzantine empire sparked interest in goods form the east
Crusaders returning from Europe brought home new fabrics, spices, and perfume
Ships used to carry crusaders now became trade ships
Both Eastern and Western economies benefited from trade
Encouragement of Learning
As Europeans were exposed to the Byzantine and Muslim culture they began to take interest in learning
They were exposed to advances in math, science, literature, art, and geographic knowledge
Changes in the Church
The Crusades increased the power of the pope for a short time
Problems between Eastern and Western Churches grew after the crusader’s attack on Constantinople
Changes in the Feudal System
Crusades increased the power of Monarchs
Feudalism was weakening
Serfs had been to pay for land using food, but now Lords demanded payment in the form of money to finance the crusades
An economy based on money, not land, took over

59. Feudal Japan Samurai:
Rival lords in Japan surrounded themselves with body guards called Samurai.
They lived according the demanding code, Bushido.
They were expected to show reckless courage, reverence for the gods, fairness, and generosity toward those who are weaker than themselves.
Dying an honorable death was more important than living a long life. Kamakura Shogun:
The shogun had the power of a military dictator over: Officials, judges, taxes, armies, roads- all were under his authority.
Although tradition was the Emperor still reigned, even though the Shogun had the real power.
The emperor became more of a puppet head than a political influence.
The Kamakura Shoguns were strong enough to turn back the two naval invasions by the Mongols.
Although this drained the Shoguns’ treasury and loyal samurais weren’t getting paid.
Samurais became attached more closely to their local lords and soon local lords were fighting each other as fiercely as they fought the Mongols.

60. Shinto
What is Shinto?
It was a Japanese religion in which each clan in Japan worshipped their own Nature Gods and Goddesses.
It was varied because of different customs and beliefs
Shinto meant “way of the Gods”
It had no rituals or philosophy, but instead based on respect for the forces of nature.
Worshipers believed in kami or divine spirits in nature.
An abnormal tree, rock, waterfall, mountain could be home to kami

61. Tokugawa Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu Society under the Tokugawa Shogun
United Japan in 1600
Held landowner’s (Daimyo) families hostage in the capital of Edo to ensure obedience
Founded the Tokugawa Shogunate, which continued until 1867
Society under the Tokugawa Shogun
Japan enjoyed over 200 years under the new Shogun
Merchant class and rich prospered
Rich and poor benefited from a growing Japanese culture

62. Rise of Mongols Who and where? Mongols In Russia
In the 1200’s, a ferocious group of horsemen from central Asia fought their way into Russia. These nomads were Mongols.
They exploded onto the scene under the leadership of Genghis Khan, one of the most feared military leaders of all time.
When Genghis Khan died in 1227 his successors continued the conquering that he had begun.
Mongols In Russia
Under Mongol rule the Russians could follow all their usual customs as long as the made no sign of rebellion. The Mongols tolerated all the religions in their realms, and the Church acted as a mediator between the people and the Mongols.
The Mongols demanded two things from the Russians: Extreme Obedience, and massive amounts of tribute.
Mongol Rule Serves Russian Interests
The Mongol rule in some ways helped unite Russia. They viewed Russia as their unified Empire. The rise of the city of Moscow also began under Mongol rule.

63. Genghis Khan
In the middle 1200’s, a ferocious group of horsemen from central Asia slashed their way into Russia.
These nomads were the Mongols.
They had exploded onto the world scene at the beginning of the 1200’s under Genghis Khan.
He was one of the most feared warriors of all time.
When Genghis Khan died in 1227, his successors continued the conquering that he had begun.
At the fullest extent, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Yellow Sea to the Baltic Sea and from the Himalayas to northern Russia.
After the death of Genghis Khan, the Mongolian Empire slowly began to fall apart.

64. Golden Horde
During the time of Genghis Khan the Mongols invaded Eastern Europe
After his time they attacked Russia, Hungary, and Poland
His grandson, Batu, led Mongol armies into Russia and other lands of Eastern Europe between 1236 and 1241
This group was known as the Golden Horde because of the color of there tents
They conquered many Russian cities
They ruled from a capital on the Volga River for 240 years
The Golden Horde were fierce warriors but relatively tolerant rulers

65. Mongol Dynasty Kublai Khan- Yuan dynasty- Kublai Khan
Khan was another grandson of Genghis Khan, completed the job of conquering China. He did so by dominating the south, he did not only rule China, but also Korea, Tibet, and some of Vietnam.
Yuan dynasty-
Kublai Khan adopted the Chinese name of the Yuan dynasty for his dynasty because he did not want the Mongols to become involved with Chinese civilization.
However, Khan gave his best government jobs to Mongol workers and only allowed Mongols to serve in the army.
But, Chinese officials still governed the provinces.
Kublai Khan

66. Mongol Impact Destruction and Conquest
Reached it’s greatest extent in 1300.
Stretched into Russia, Europe, Asia, and China
Destruction and Conquest
Most of the leaders ruled with tolerance
Genghis Khan allowed art and education in his conquered countries
They ruled Russia for 250 years
They cut it off from the rest of Europe

67. Mongol Impact
The Mongols were nomadic herders of central Asia. By 1300, they controlled much of Asia and eastern Europe.
The Mongol influence led to increases in trade and cultural spread over Asia and Europe.
In Russia, the Mongol idea of Absolutist government stuck after the Mongols left, but it also isolated Russia from Western Europe, leaving it behind in arts and science.
Mongol rule promoted trade between Europe and Asia. The Mongols guaranteed safe passage along the Silk Road, which increased trade greatly.

68. Expansion of Chinese Trade
Trade in Chine bloomed in the Yuan dynasty in the 1200’s.
The Silk Road helped transport goods to Asia Minor, Russia, and other lands. Marco Polo used the Silk Road.
When the Ming dynasty took over China in 1368, economic prosperity came over the land and trade and cities expanded.
China began overseas expansion and in 1404, Zheng He traveled to many different lands and promoted Chinese trade and culture.
Chinese city, Canton, became a global center of trade and traders were sent there from all over the world.

69. Bubonic Plague
Approximately two thirds of the population in China were wiped out by a deadly disease called the bubonic plague, that also destroyed populations of Muslim towns in Southwest Asia and killed about one third of Europe’s population.
It started in the 1300s.
The Plague began in Asia.
The disease became known as the “Black Death.”
It got its name from the purplish or blackish spots that it produced on the skin.
The disease was spread by black rats that carried fleas from one area to another. These fleas were infested with a bacillus called Yersinia pestis, and because people did not bathe and because of unsanitary conditions the bubonic plague spread very quickly.
Effects of the disease were high fever, chills, delirium, and in most cases death.

70. The Effect Of The Bubonic Plague
In 1347 approximately one third of European’s population died of the deadly disease known as the bubonic plague.
The bubonic plague was also known as the black death and began in Asia.
The black death traveled the trade lines infecting Asia, the Muslim world and eventually Europe.
It got its name by the black spots that produced on the persons skin infected.
The plague killed almost 25 million Europeans and millions in Asia and North Africa.
The economic effects of the plague were enormous. Town populations fell and so did trade.
The church suffered a loss of prestige when its prayers and penances failed to stop the plague.
The bubonic plague and its aftermath disrupted medieval society, hastening changes that were in the making.
The society of the middle ages was collapsing.

71. SILK ROAD
The Han dynasty opened a trade route called the silk road that eventually linked china with lands as far west as Mesopotamia. Silk and other Chinese goods moved west, while products such as muslin, glass, and new foods came to china. The silk road stretched for 4000 miles. Few merchants traveled the entire distance. Most of the good that were traded were done at markets along the way

72. Italian City-States
1300’s: Northern Italian cities were great places of industry and trade.
City-states that became rich and powerful: Venice, Genoa, and Florence.
Venice took control of the spice trade with Asia due to its location.
Venice took up a partnership with Egypt and both areas became prosperous.
Trade from Italy went as far as Great Britain and the Baltic Sea.

73. Renaissance
A period of great change throughout Europe that involved advances in everything from art to technology.
The concept of humanism was developed during the early stages of the renaissance, this way of thinking focused on the present and individual achievements.
The artistic mentality of the renaissance was much like the art and sculpture of the golden ages of Rome and Greece. Architecture also returned to Greco-roman fashions.
Artisans were supported by rich nobles, princes and popes.
Some of the most famous artisans include Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci and Albrecht Durer.
Writing also changed during the renaissance, common language began to be used. Machiavelli, Shakespeare, and Dante were three of the most famous for their literary works.
The invention of the printing press made books more available to common people, literacy increased.
The protestant reformation led by Martin Luther and John Calvin sought to make changes in the church, the result was two churches, Catholic and protestant.

74. Humanism
During the Renaissance, Europeans developed a new way of thinking called humanism.
A Renaissance intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects that the ancient Greeks and Romans had studied, rather that religious ones. They hoped to use ancient learning to increase knowledge about their own times.
Humanists influenced artists an architects to carry on classical traditions.
Philosophers and writers had wondered about life after death during the middle ages. Renaissance humanists, on the other hand, were more curious about life in the present.

75. Machiavelli What he did?
Machiavelli was the a writer , One of his master pieces was The Prince in 1513.
Machiavelli said that most rules can gain power and keep it in spit of there enemies.
In the book The Prince, Machiavelli was not concerned with what was morally right, but with what was politically effective.
He was also a states man and a political philosopher

77. 95 Thesis WHO: Written by Martin Luther
WHAT: Martin Luther posted a list of 95 Theses, or formal statements, that he wrote on the door of a castle church in Wittenberg,
WHERE: Posted them on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, became known all over Germany
WHEN: October 31, 1517
WHY: he did those because he did not agree with how a friar named John Tetzel was raising money to rebuild a church in Rome. Tetzel was selling indulgences to people who have sinned, which would release them from performing the penalty.

78. Mansa Musa He was an African American ruler
He may have been the grandnephew of Mali’s first leader, Sandiata
Musa was a skilled military leader and exorcised royal control
He was a devout Muslim, he went on a hajj to Mecca from 1324 to 1325
Controlled and ruled a vast empire in Africa

79. Songhai
The Songhai was a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400’s to 1591.
They built up an army and extended their territory to the Niger River near Gao, and gained control of all the important trade routes.
Until the late 1500’s, civil war broke out. Invaders from the north defeated the forces of Songhai, and caused downfall of the kingdom.

80. The First Global Age

81. Suleiman’s Golden Age
First Came to the throne of the Ottoman Empire in 1520 and ruled for 46 years
Known by his own people as Suleiman the Lawgiver and in the west as Suleiman the Magnificent
The Ottoman conquered all of the eastern Mediterranean under Suleiman’s rule.
Suleiman became the most powerful monarch on earth
He required a good form of government for his large empire and so he simplified the system of taxation and reduced the government bureaucracy in order to keep the peace and his people happy.
In 1571 this golden age of Suleiman ended when his sons fleet was destroyed by Spain and Italy Suleiman’s Mosque

82. Mercantilism Definition: Ideas of mercantilism:
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.
Ideas of mercantilism:
The nation’s ultimate goal under mercantilism was to become self-sufficient, not dependent on other countries for goods.
Two ways to increase the nations wealth, according to mercantilism, was to gain as much gold and silver as they could and establish a favorable balance of trade, in which it sold more goods than they bought.

83. Rise Of The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire began in the 11th century
There were Ottoman Turks, and after the 13th century there was a new group of people called the Ottoman Empire lead by Osman I.
When people were captured by the Ottoman Empire they were used for military purposes instead of killing them.
During the 16th century, the Ottomans gained control of Egypt and Syria, then also Iraq, Hungry, and Albania, which led to the beginning of a naval force in the Mediterranean Sea.
The Ottoman Empire turned into a great power of Europe.

84. Reconquista This was a long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain.
The Muslims held a little kingdom.
Spain attacked it and they started the crusades.
The Spanish drove the Muslims out of Spain

85. Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the voyage that brought captured Africans to be used as slaves to the west Indies
Later they were brought to North and South American
It was named the Middle Passage because it was in the middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle.

86. Absolutism

87. Divine Right
The power for the monarch to rule comes from God and that the king is an agent of God.
Absolute monarchs used this power to justify their rule.
Divine Right allowed the monarch to control all aspects of the government because the people believed that monarch was God’s agent on earth.

88. Louis XIV(14) He was the 14th king of France.
He was an absolute Monarch during the 17th century.
Louis XIV was the only one to totally free himself from the Parliament, which controlled the King.
Louis XIV coined the phrase “L'état, c'est moi”, which means “I am the state.”
Louis XIV centralized the government and made all the laws for France
Louis XIV put France into debt by spending money building the Palace of Versailles and fighting wars.

89. Peter the Great
Peter the Great was an absolute monarch in Russia, he was the czar from 1682 to 1725.
He worked to centralize royal power
Reduced the power of nobility and gained control of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Peter wanted to modernize Russia. He traveled from Western European cities to study western technology and brought back the ideas to westernize Russia.
Simplified Russian Alphabet, developed mining and textiles.
Peter sometimes resorted to force and terror to achieve his goals.
Created the largest army in Europe in the late 1600s and used it to expand Russian territory.

90. Westernization under Peter
Peter wanted a modernized Russia, went to Western Europe to study technology, brought back ideas, simplified the Russian alphabet, developed mining and textiles, capital at St. Petersburg served as symbol of new Russia, used force and terror to gain goal

91. Petition of Rights(1628) In the Petition the king agreed to:
King Charles I had to call Parliament to ask for money
They refused to give him any until he signed the Petition of Rights
In the Petition the king agreed to:
Not imprison subjects without due cause
Not levy taxes without Parliament’s consent
Not house soldiers in private homes
Not impose martial law in peacetime
The king agreed to the Petition but after he ignored it
The petition was important because it set forth the idea that the law was higher even then the king.

92. English Civil War
Charles I offended the puritans by upholding church rituals and a former prayer book
Charles tried to force the Presbyterian Scots to accept a version of the Anglican prayer book
Lead to a conflict between the supporters of parliament and the supporters of English monarchy from

93. Oliver Cromwell
Was a skilled military leader who overthrew the British king.
King Charles I was put in prison and put on trial. He was sentenced to death by way of beheading. He was the first king to be executed by his own subjects.
After the kings execution Parliament’s House of commons abolished the monarchy, the House of Lords, and the official Church of England. England became a Commonwealth.
Charles II the heir to the throne revolted against Cromwell and attacked England from Ireland and Scotland. Cromwell sent troops into Ireland and Scotland to crush the uprising.
Cromwell took the title of Lord Protector. At the time of his death in 1658 many people were tired of Puritan rule.

94. The Restoration
During the year of 1660, Parliament asked Charles II to become the King of England.
When Parliament asked Charles II to become King it marked the restoration of the Stuart monarchy.
In 1685 James II, who was Charles brother inherited the throne in England.
James II who was currently King in England, was unpopular to the people because of his Catholicism and his Absolutist policies.

95. The Glorious Revolution (1688)
Parliament feared Catholic dominance
Mary and William (Dutch) take English throne.
Both protestant.
When they arrived, James II fled.
Bloodless overthrow of power.

96. English Bill of Rights The bill was drafted in 1689.
England had become a constitutional monarchy meaning there were laws that limited the ruler’s power.
The English Bill of Rights listed the things the leader could not do.
There were four laws- 2 dealt with not interfering with Parliament speech or laws and 2 dealt with not taxing the citizens without the consent of Parliament and letting the citizens petition.

97. Magna Carta “Great Charter”
A document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in A.D
This charter was a form of revolt, rebelling against the unfair leadership of King John.
John failed as a military leader. He was horrible to his subjects and tried to squeeze money out of them. To finance his wars, John raised taxes to an all-time high.
The nobles wanted to guarantee certain basic political rights and limit the power of the king.
Guaranteed rights included no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and the protection of the law.

98. Limited monarchy (1660) Started after the restoration
Passing of habeas corpus act
Parliament passed the bill of rights in 1689
No monarch could rule without parliaments consent
Also called a constitutional monarchy