1. Communism vs Capitalism USSR vs US Us vs Them
The Cold War
Communism vs Capitalism
USSR vs US
Us vs Them
Chapter 22 Sec. 1

2. The Cold War Chapter 22 Sec. 1
Era of confrontation & competition between the Soviet & US from 1946 to 1990.
The roots of the Cold War can be found in the period just before the end of WWII.
TWO Differing Goals:
The United State’s Goals- Democracy, free enterprise & economic growth would lead to peaceful future in post war world.
The Soviet Union’s Goals: keep Germany weak economically & militarily, communism was superior to capitalism= spread communism.

3. Map of Europe AFTER World War II

4. YALTA CONFERENCE, 1945: FDR, CHURCHILL AND STALIN MET TO DISCUSS THE FUTURE OF EUROPE AFTER THE WAR.
FROM FEBRUARY , THE FOLLOWING ISSUES WERE ADDRESSED: WORLD ORGANIZATION, DECLARATION ON LIBERATED EUROPE, DISMEMBERMENT OF GERMANY, ZONE OF OCCUPATION FOR THE FRENCH, REPARATION, POLAND, AND FINALLY YUGOSLAVIA (2). AGREEMENTS REGARDING ENTRY OF THE SOVIET UNION INTO THE WAR AGAINST JAPAN WERE ALSO OUTLINED.

5. *The Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)
FDR (BEFORE HE DIED), STALIN, & CHURCHILL
PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CAUSING THE COLD WAR
Soviets were setting up communist governments in Europe as they moved through.
Poland- two rival governments claimed the right to govern Poland- one communist the other –non-communist.
Agreement- FDR & Churchill agreed to recognize communist government set up by the Soviets; Stalin agreed to allow free elections later (never happened)
Declaration of Liberated Europe- Big three agreed that people in Europe had the right to form governments & democracy.
Germany- the Big Three agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones controlled by : Britain, France, US, & Soviets.
Berlin also divided into 4 zones
Stalin insisted that Germany pay heavy war reparations
FDR got Stalin to accept German goods instead of cash

6. Division of Germany after World War II

7. POTSDAM CONFERENCE, JULY 1945 CHURCHILL, TRUMAN, AND STALIN
DECIDE HOW TO DEAL WITH GERMANY AND JAPAN
SINCE FDR DIED, TRUMAN BECAME PRESIDENT. ISSUES DECIDED WERE: ESTABLISHMENT OF A COUNCIL OF FOREIGN MINISTERS, THE PRINCIPLES TO GOVERN THE TREATMENT OF GERMANY IN THE INITIAL CONTROL PERIOD, ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES REGARDING GERMANY, REPARATIONS FROM GERMANY, DISPOSAL OF THE GERMAN NAVY AND MERCHANT MARINE, CITY 0F KOENIGSBERG AND THE ADJACENT AREA, WAR CRIMINALS, AUSTRIA, POLAND, CONCLUSION ON PEACE TREATIES AND ADMISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION, TERRITORIAL TRUSTEESHIP, REVISED ALLIED CONTROL COMMISSION PROCEDURE IN RUMANIA, BULGARIA, AND HUNGARY, ORDERLY TRANSFER OF GERMAN POPULATIONS, OIL EQUIPMENT IN RUMANIA, IRAN, THE INTERNATIONAL ZONE OF TANGIER, THE BLACK SEA STRAITS, INTERNATIONAL INLAND WATERWAYS, EUROPEAN INLAND TRANSPORT CONFERENCE, DIRECTIVES TO MILITARY COMMANDERS ON ALLIED CONTROL COUNCIL FOR GERMANY, USE OF ALLIED PROPERTY FOR SATELLITE REPARATIONS OR WAR TROPHIES, MILITARY TALKS, THE ALLIED CONTROL COMMISSION IN HUNGARY, USE OF ALLIED PROPERTY FOR SATELLITE REPARATIONS OR WAR TROPHIES.

8. * The Potsdam Conference (July 1945)
FDR died; 1st meeting between President Truman, Stalin, Churchill
War was still raging against Japan at this point
Stalin wants to keep Germany weak; Truman distrustful of Stalin-won’t appease him.
Agreement-
Stalin agreed to accept small amount of industrial equipment from US, British, & French zones instead of cash.
Soviets had to pay for part of it with food shipments from the Soviet zone to Western Germany.
Truman agreed to accept new German-Polish border
* Truman hinted that the US had developed a new powerful weapon (atomic bomb).

9. Behind the ‘Iron Curtain”
Soviets established communist government in Romania & did not allow non-communist to serve in government in Poland.
*“Satellite nations”- communist countries of Eastern Europe controlled by USSR.
1946- Winston Churchill gave a speech in Fulton, Missouri– “an iron curtain has fallen across Eastern Europe”.
*“Iron Curtain”- area separating free Europe from communist area of Eastern Europe & Soviet Union.

10. Churchill giving his “iron curtain” speech in March of 1946 at Fulton Missouri
"A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the Allied victories From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent.”
Iron curtain
Churchill’s main points were that there should be a US/UK agreement within the framework of the U.N. to resist and deter any disturbances to world peace and that Stalin wants "not war but the fruits of war”, and if the allies stay strong and united they can counter any Soviet threat

11. UNITED NATIONS MEETS FOR THE FIRST TIME, 1945

12. The Long Telegram *George Kennan
Chapter 22 Sec. 2
*George Kennan
American Ambassador to USSR
*Long Telegram: 5,540 word explanation of what he believed were Soviet goals
Proposed long term *CONTAINMENT of Communism
*Containment – keeping Communism within its present territory
*Containment will be US policy during the Cold War for 40 years!!
The allies pushed to have the Soviets allow free elections in Poland of which they refused
Soviet Goals: 1. he believed they were due to Soviet’s insecurity and fear of the West. Also due to the competition of Communism & Capitalism
2. He believed containment would result in the Soviet Union collapsing in on itself

13. IRAN WAS THE SITE OF THE FIRST DISPUTE OF THE COLD WAR IN 1945-46
Iran: America and Great Britain withdraw their troops from Iran; the Soviet Union does not. Mar Truman demanded Russia get out of Iran no oil concessions, no annexation of Azerbaijan :Mar Stalin began to remove all troops from Iran by May 6, leaving his puppet Azerbaijan Democratic Party without support
British and Soviet troops had jointly occupied Iran since 1941 to protect oil reserves from falling into German hands. The Soviets refused to withdraw their forces and the case came up before the newly formed Security Council in March When the Soviet ambassador, Andrei Gromyko, failed to get a postponement of the debate, the Soviets walked out. Nevertheless, the security council stood its ground and six weeks later Stalin withdrew his troops from Iran.

14. Iran Crisis After WWII- US & USSR jointly occupied Iran
US withdrew– USSR refused to withdraw & supported a communist government in North Iran (wanted access to oil).
Truman’s Actions:
Sent strong message to Soviets to withdraw
Sent USS Missouri to eastern Mediterranean
Result- Soviet’s withdrew with promise of a Iranian-Soviet oil company.

15. FIGHTING AGAINST COMMUNISTS IN GREECE
BOTH GREECE AND TURKEY FACED COMMUNIST REVOLTS IN 1947 AND ASKED THE U.S. FOR AID TO DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM COMMUNIST TAKEOVERS
Don’t write down
FIGHTING AGAINST COMMUNISTS IN GREECE

16. What plan said the US would be the only influence in the Western Hemisphere?
The Roosevelt Corollary
The Quadruple Alliance
The Monroe Doctrine
The Platt Amendment

17. The Truman Doctrine
Truman’s policy on fighting Soviet aggression around the world
Asked Congress for $400 million to fight communists in Turkey & Greece.
Truman pledged to help people fighting against communism with money & supplies.
“To aid free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.”

18. The Marshall Plan 1947 George Marshall – Secretary of State
European recovery plan
American aid to rebuild Europe after WWII- US sent billions of dollars to help western Europe recover.
Necessary to fight Communism

19. Propaganda posters and a stamp advertising the plan.

20. Germany

21. EFFECTS OF THE MARSHALL PLAN
GERMAN CITY OF HAMBURG IN 1947 BEFORE THE MARSHALL PLAN
EFFECTS OF THE MARSHALL PLAN
HAMBURG, 1952, AFTER THE MARSHALL PLAN

23. The Berlin Crisis
1948- US, Britain, France announce that they will merge their 3 zones & allow Germany to set up a government.
Make West Berlin part of new Germany
June USSR cut all rail, road traffic to West Berlin
The US believed the Soviet Union was deliberately trying to undermine the German economy so the US, France & Britain merged their zones in Germany becoming known as West Germany
West Berlin was deep inside East Germany
East Germany was ruled by USSR & West Germany was independent
On June 23, 1948 the USSR imposed a complete blockade on railway, road and canal traffic leading to West Berlin from the allied German zone. No supplies of any type, including food, fuel and consumer goods, were allowed to enter West Berlin. Stalin wanted to starve the city into submission. This was done for two main reasons:
Stalin's desire to control all of Berlin
The allies London program of 1948 that called for a separate West Germany and currency reform

24. The Berlin Airlift
Truman ordered an airlift of supplies to West Berliners
11 months (2 million tons of supplies)
Also sent bombers with atomic weapons to Britain just in case
Supplies included food, medicine and coal
Blockade convinced Americans the Soviets were bent on Conquest
Name given “Operation Vittles”

25. IN MAY OF 1949 THE RUSSIANS ENDED THE BERLIN BLOCKADE

26. Alliances are Made **NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Mutual defense alliance
*Warsaw Pact
Soviet Union’s response to West Germany joining NATO
An organized military alliance in Eastern Europe
West Germany allowed to rearm itself & became a member of NATO

27. RED FLAGS DENOTE NATIONS CONTROLLED BY THE USSR.
EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONS TAKEN OVER BY THE USSR AFTER WW II YUGOSLAVIA, WHILE COMMUNIST, REMAINED INDEPENDENT

28. MUFTI AND HITLER DURING THE WW II
IN OCTOBER 1947 THE UN AUTHORIZED THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL WITH BOTH THE US AND USSR VOTING IN FAVOR.
ON MAY 14TH 1948 ISRAEL DECLARED ITS INDEPENDENCE AND FIVE ARAB STATES IMMEDIATELY INVADED WITH THE GOAL OF DESTROYING THE NEWLY CREATED JEWISH STATE. THEY WERE DEFEATED BY ISRAEL
MUFTI AND HITLER DURING THE WW II
THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL AND THE SUBSEQUENT WARS WITH THE ARABS WOULD BE AN ONGOING CAUSE OF TENSIONS BETWEEN THE US AND USSR.
The Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin Al Husseini stated, “I declare a holy war, my Moslem brothers! Murder the Jews! Murder them all!"

29. THE CONFLICT BETWEEN ARABS AND ISRAELIS IS AN ONGOING THEME IN THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE US DURING THE COLD WAR AND BEYOND.
BECAUSE OF THE 1948 ARAB ISRAELI WAR SOME 500,000 ARABS FLED ISRAEL AND MANY REMAIN REFUGEES TODAY HOPING TO RETURN TO THEIR FORMER HOMES. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AS MANY AS 800,000 JEWS WERE FORCED TO LEAVE ARAB COUNTRIES DURING THE 1940’S AND 50’S. MOST OF THESE REFUGEES WERE ABSORBED INTO ISRAEL.

30. Cold War in East Asia Chinese Revolution
1949 Communists
Mao Zedong
US sent aid to Nationalist government who were defeated & fled to Taiwan
Shocked America
1949 – Soviets test their first Atomic Bomb
Sino-Soviet Pact
1950
China & USSR
Changed US policy towards Japan
Encouraged more rapid recovery
Taiwan still today has tried to free itself from China
Now there are only 2 nuclear powers

31. President Truman approves the development of the hydrogen bomb
President Truman approves the development of the hydrogen bomb. This new type of nuclear weapon is at least 100 times more powerful than the atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945.
THIS WEB SITE ALLOWS YOU TO INPUT BOMB STRENGTH AND SHOWS THE DAMAGE THAT WOULD HAPPEN GOING OUT FROM THE CENTER OF THE BLAST.
THE FIRST US HYDROGEN BOMB WAS EXPLODED IN NOVEMBER OF THE USSR EXPLODED ONE IN 1953.

32. The Korean War 1950-1953 38th parallel Communist in the North
Democracy in the South
June 25, North Korea invaded South Korea
Test of Containment
US got UN to send multinational force led by US
After WWII, Soviets & Americans both entered Korea to disarm Japanese troops there
They divided the country up at the 38th parallel

33. Pusan Perimeter
North Koreans pushed the South Korean and U.N. armies all the way to Pusan in the south
RED LINES AND ARROWS SHOW THE COMMUNIST ADVANCE DOWN THE KOREAN PENINSULA

34. China then invaded & pushed the UN army back to the 38th parallel
GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR WAS PUT IN OVERALL COMMAND OF UNITED NATIONS FORCES
MacArthur went way past the 38th parallel & China warned Americans not to come that far and in response Chinese troops were sent into Korea
MacArthur demanded the bombing of Chinese cities with Atomic Bombs but Truman refused b/c he didn’t want to go to war with China & didn’t want to use the bombs again
MacArthur began to publicly criticize the President so Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination
MacArthur returned home to parades & hero’s welcome
During the war – 33,600 American soldiers died in combat while another 20,600 died in accidents or of disease
Macarthur made a brilliant Invasion at Inchon which pushed the North Koreans back over the border
China then invaded & pushed the UN army back to the 38th parallel

35. THE WAR IN KOREA TURNED INTO A STALEMATE RESEMBLING WORLD WAR I TRENCH WARFARE.

36. Korean War
Truman fired Gen. McArthur- MacArthur wanted to attack China (criticized president openly)
*Limited War
Truman remained committed to a limited objective of containing communism
**Important turning point in Cold War
Created the need for the US to begin a massive military build up

37. End of the Korean War 1951- peace negotiations began
Armistice signed July 1953 (President Eisenhower)-hinted use of bomb against China
33,600 US soldiers died
Changes:
Led to US military buildup

38. The Red Scare
Chapter 22 Section 3
Fear that Communists were secretly working to subvert the American government
Sept Soviet Igor Gouzenko defected to Canada; carried documents that Soviet spies were trying to infiltrate US & Canada
Subversion
The effort to secretly weaken a society & overthrow its government
J. Edgar Hoover
FBI Director
Loyalty Review Program ( )
US Government screened all federal employees for Communist leanings.
6 million US federal employees screened
14,000 investigated by FBI
2,000 quit their jobs
212 were fired for “questionable" loyalty
Loyalty Review Program – seemed to confirm fears that communists had infiltrated the government
Hoover urged HUAC to hold public hearings on Communist subversion

39. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
Formed in1938 to investigate Communists & Fascists in the US.
The Committee investigated communists & those who “sympathized” with them.
Richard Nixon - member of the committee ( )
Hollywood on Trial- HUAC questioned people in the movie industry about communist activities.
“The Hollywood Ten”- used 5th Amendment to refuse to testify.
Blacklists- people who refused to cooperate were denied jobs.
Alger Hiss (former member of FDR’s staff)- accused of being a communist by (Whittaker Chambers).
Hiss denied being a communist
Pumpkin Papers- seemed to prove that Hiss had lied
Hiss was found guilty of perjury

40. Subverts Whittaker Chambers Alger Hiss
Admitted he was a Communist & claimed there were other government officials
Alger Hiss
Government official named by Chambers
Pumpkin Papers
Convicted of perjury
Chambers – Time magazine editor
Hiss – denied he was a Communist – to convict Hiss, Chambers produced documents he had hidden in a hollow pumpkin on his farm which became known as the pumpkin papers

41. Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
1950- Government charged them with spying
NY couple-members of Communist Party
Convicted & put to death (1953)
Divided the country
A sensational spy case
Governmetn believed the secrets to making the Atomic bomb were leaked to the Soviets. Government looked for the leak & it led them to the Rosenberg who denied it – the were given the electric chair.

42. Project Venona
Cryptographers cracked the Soviet spy code (1946)
Found many spies in the US
American public didn’t know until 1995
Proved Rosenberg's were guilty
Colleges, Universities, businesses & unions were heavily examined for communists
Most of the code breakers were young women

43. Joseph McCarthy
Claimed to have the names of 205 Communists in the government (State Department)
Charged Secretary of State Dean Acheson & Army Chief of Staff George Marshall
*McCarthyism-tactic of damaging reputations using vague unfounded charges
Senator from West Virginia
He introduced this list at a women’s club meeting
He never produced the list but made charges and drew attention to the red scare
He accused the Democrat party for protecting communists
McCarthyism – his search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence & fear by damaging reputations with vague charges – people were afraid of challenging McCarthy for fear of becoming a target

44. McCarthyism 1954-Army-McCarthy Hearings
Televised hearings
McCarthy seen bullying witnesses in the Army
*Caused his support to fade
Senate voted censure of McCarthy
(1950)McCarran Internal Security Act
Made it illegal to conspire or perform any act with a person contributing to a totalitarian government
Required all Communist organizations & party members to register with the Attorney General
Communists could then not get passports to travel overseas
McCarthy then began looking for spies in the Army – the army then began its own investigations & found no communists

45. Living with the Bomb Duck & Cover Fallout shelters Fallout
Protection from the blast
Fallout shelters
Built in backyards to protect from fallout
Fallout
Radiation left over after a blast
Cold War Nightmares
Movies
Enjoyed a time of prosperity
They would stock the fallout shelters with canned food & medical supplies
Time of prosperity & consumerism – talk about tomorrow – makes it a time of contrasts
Frank Zappa said – “Communism doesn’t work because people like to own stuff”

46. Fallout Shelters

47. Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 – 1961 Pledged to end Korean War
Chapter 23
Section 4

48. Election of 1952
Truman will not run again: Foreign Policy not working, USSR had the bomb, China fallen to communism, US troops in Korea.
Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson
Republicans nominated Dwight D. Eisenhower
*Eisenhower promised to go to Korea to force an end to the war if elected.
Dec armistice signed

49. ‘More Bang for the Buck’
Believed key to winning Cold war was a strong economy
Conventional war cost too much – using atomic weapons gave the US ‘more bang for the buck’
*Massive Retaliation
The best way to prevent a conventional war was to threaten with nuclear weapons
Eisenhower cut military expenditures from $50 billion to $34 billion and increased the number of bombs from 1,000 to 18,000

50. Brinkmanship
Critics of Eisenhower’s Massive Retaliation called his willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side down= “brinkmanship”
Secretary of State John Dulles- major player in US policy in 1950’s.
Brikmanship was like playing chicken – critics warned it was too dangerous

51. IN MARCH OF 1953 JOSEPH STALIN THE COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF THE SOVIET UNION DIED. AFTER THIS THE KOREAN PEACE NEGOIATIONS TOOK A MORE POSITIVE TURN.

52. Nikita Khrushchev becomes leader of USSR
NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV BECAME THE LEADER OF THE SOVIET UNION AFTER STALIN’S DEATH. HE DENOUNCED THE CRIMES OF STALIN IN A FAMOUS 1956 SPEECH AND SET OUT TO REFORM THE USSR. ALTHOUGH HE ADVOCATED “PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE” THERE WERE SEVERAL SERIOUS ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN THE TWO SUPER POWERS WHILE HE WAS IN OFFICE. IN 1956 HE ANNOUNCED AT A UN SPEECH THAT “WE (USSR) WILL BURY YOU (US)”
Nikita Khrushchev becomes leader of USSR

53. **The Domino Theory
1947- President Truman started sending money to French forces in Vietnam trying to prevent their colony from take over by Communists.
Eisenhower continued this policy
“Domino Theory”- Eisenhower’s belief that if one Asian nation fell to communism others would fall as well.

54. Containment – 1950s Taiwan Suez Canal Crisis (1956)
China attacks Taiwan
US warns of nuclear weapons
China backs down
Containment works
Suez Canal Crisis (1956)
Egyptian troops seized Suez Canal—Britain & France sent troops
USSR supported Egypt
British & French withdraw
US offered aid to Eygpt to build a dam on the Nile River. They had to withdraw the aid because Egypt accepted weapons from Communist Czechoslovakia.
Egyptian government then attacked the Suez Canal to win it from the French so it could make money off of it and use it to build the dam
British & French invade Egypt.
Soviet Union offers aid to Egypt – British & French pull their troops out
Other countries in the Middle East begin receiving aid & weapons from the Soviet Union

55. Central Intelligence Agency
Created to use covert operations to combat & contain Communism
Developing Nations were key
Iran – CIA started a riot & returned the Shah of Iran to power
Guatemala- CIA trained opponents of communist president ousted him.
United Fruit Company
Soviet Union was starting Communist revolutions in other countries – Eisenhower knew he could not stop them so he created the CIA
Iran – successful covert operations – the Shah was in exile & replaced by a pro-Soviet prime minister. CIA organized street riots & arranged a coup to put the shah back in power
Guatemala – Guzman – president was pro-Communist which took over large properties including the US owned United Fruit company. - Czechoslovakia armed Guatemala & CIA responded by arming the opposition in Nicaragua & the Honduras. The opposition invaded & ran Guzman out of office

56. OCTOBER 4TH 1957 THE SPACE RACE BEGAN WHEN RUSSIA LAUNCHED SPUTNIK, THE FIRST ARTIFICIAL SATELLITE TO ORBIT THE EARTH. AMERICANS WERE SHOCKED THAT THE SOVIETS WERE THE FIRST INTO SPACE
SOUND IS

57. Sputnik
*Sputnik--First artificial satellite launched by the Soviets in 1957
Alarmed Americans
Americans falling behind in missile technology
B-52 Bomber – able to fly across continents
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)
Could deliver bombs without aircraft
National Aeronautics & Space Administration
NASA
Coordinate research in rocket science & space exploration
National Defense Education Act (NDEA)
Education in science, math & foreign languages
The NDEA put more money & emphasis on these categories instead of reading, language arts and social studies.

58. USSR WAS THE FIRST TO SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCH AN ICBM
In 1957 a new word entered the world’s vocabulary: ICBM, short for intercontinental ballistic missiles. These were nuclear bomb carrying missiles with ranges of over five thousand miles. No place on earth was safe from nuclear destruction.
USSR WAS THE FIRST TO SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCH AN ICBM
FIRST US ATLAS ICBM

59. The U.S. did not get an object into orbit until January of 1958 after several embarrassing failures. The space race was on.

60. OCTOBER 23, 1956 THE PEOPLE OF HUNGARY ROSE UP AGAINST THEIR USSR COMMUNIST IMPOSED GOVERNMENT. FOR A SHORT TIME IT APPEARED THAT THE REVOLT MIGHT SUCCEED BUT ON NOVEMBER 4TH SOVIET TANK ARMIES INVADED AND CRUSHED THE REVOLT. A SIMILAR 1952 REVOLT IN POLAND WAS ALSO DEFEATED BY RUSSIAN TANKS.

61. FIDEL CASTRO
ON JANUARY 1, 1959 REVOLUTION IN CUBA SUCCESSFULLY OVERTHREW THE Pro-US GOVERNMENT. ON JANUARY 6TH FIDEL CASTRO BECAME PREMIER AND LATER COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF CUBA. MANY CUBANS FLEE TO THE U.S.

62. The Paris Summit (1960)
1959- Soviet leader Khrushchev visited the US
Eisenhower & Khrushchev agreed to meet again in Paris 1960.
The Soviets shot down an American spy plane before the summit began
At first, Eisenhower denied US involvement.
Khrushchev broke up the summit

63. U-2 Plane was piloted by Garry Powers
MAY 1960: THE U-2 INCIDENT
A US U-2 RECONNAISSANCE (SPY) PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN OVER THE SOVIET UNION
U-2 Plane was piloted by Garry Powers
AND ITS PILOT GARY POWERS CAPTURED AND PUT ON TRIAL. KHRUSHCHEV USED THIS INCIDENT TO CANCEL A PLANNED EAST-WEST SUMMIT CONFERENCE IN PARIS. – Eisenhower claimed it was a weather plane but Khruschev produced the pilot and Eisenhower was caught in his lie – Diplomacy began to seriously break down
PHOTOS, U-2 IN FLIGHT, CRASHED U-2 IN RUSSIA, GARY POWERS ON TRIAL IN MOSCOW. HE WAS CONVICTED AND GIVEN A TEN YEAR PRISON TERM BUT IN 1961 HE WAS EXCHANGED FOR A CAPTURED SOVIET SPY AND RETURNED HOME.

64. Military Industrial Complex
Eisenhower’s warning in his farewell speech
Do not let the build up of military industry affect democracy
War and the build up of military & spending on military can negatively affect democracy