1. The Rise of Europe
Chapter 7
450 CE – 1500 CE

2. Section1 1: The Early Middle Ages
The Germanic Kingdoms
Germanic tribes farmers and herders
The Franks – between Germanic tribes divided Europe into small kingdoms
486 Clovis conquered Roman province of Gaul
Significance?

3. Muslims In Europe Muslims move into Europe
Muslim army crossed into France, Charles Martel rallied Frankish warriors.
Battle of Tours in 732
What would of happened had Martel not been successful?

4. Charlemagne
Why did pope Leo II crown “Charles the Great” Holy Roman Emperor?
What effect did this have on other leaders?
Why was Charlemagne so Great?
Government
Worked closely with the church
Appointed powerful nobles to rule local regions
Gave them land so support and supply soldiers of his army
To keep control of provincial rulers sent out officials called missi dominici to check on roads listen to grievances and promote justice
Learning
Founded a school at Aachen under the direction of scholar Alcuin of York
What was the curriculum?
How did they preserve literature?

5. After Charlemagne Happened to his kingdom after he passed?
What is Charlemagne's legacy?
Muslims still posed a threat to Europe
Magyars in 896 settled in Hungary
Overran eastern Europe and moved to plunder western Europe
Vikings in Scandinavia
They opened trade routes linking Northern Europe to the Mediterranean

6. Section 2: Feudalism and the Manor Economy
The Emergence of Feudalism
What is the definition of feudalism?
Why does feudalism develop?
The Feudal Contract
Mutual Obligations
Lords (Nobles, Vassals) & Knights:
Lords & Serfs:
 Everyone had a place in feudal society.

7. Feudalism How did a boy become a Knight? Chivalry – code of conduct
Knights are to be brave, loyal, and true to their word
In warfare fight fair
Warriors should treat their captives well
Placed women on a pedestal
Women should be protected and cherished
These ideas would shape the western ideas of romantic love.
Castles
built to withstand attack for the lords Moats, towers, and high walls for protections
People would store up food and water so they could withstand a long siege
Noblewomen
How were women treated? What was expected of them?
Politics – Eleanor of Aquitaine inherited lands in sw France
Through marriages she became the first queen of France and then the queen of England.

8. Serfs & The Manor Peasants and Manor Life
What was it like to live as a serf or as a peasant?
 What was the mutual obligation between Noble and Serf?
Self Sufficiency - Manorialism
Everything was grown or made on the manor – grain made into flour at mills, furniture, etc

9. Section 3: Church and Medieval Life
What role did the Church play in the everyday life of the people of Europe?
How did the early church view women?
Monastic Movement
St. Benedict around 530 monastery in Monte Cassino S. Italy
Rules to regulate monastic life spread across Europe
3 vows
Day was divided into periods for work, worship and study
Life of Service
Monks and nuns looked after the poor and sick and sometimes set up schools for children
Lodging for travelers too
Centers for Learning
Performed a vital role in preserving the writings of the ancient world
Copied and illuminate, illustrated each page – Book of Kells Irish monks in Iona in 800s
Britain Venerable Bede wrote the earliest known history of England
He also introduced BC and AD

10. Role of the RCC Became the most powerful force in Medieval Europe
During the Middle Ages, the pope was spiritual leader of RCC
Medieval popes claimed papal supremacy or authority over all secular states
The pope himself held vast lands in central Italy later called the Papal States
Everyone were sinners and only the church and participating in religious activities such as the sacraments could save you, hence the church had absolute power over religious matters and even secular ones
Church law – canon
Disobeying church law – excommunication
Lord or King could receive an interdict – an order excluding an entire town, region or kingdom from receiving most sacraments and Christian burial.
Church tried to use its authority to end feudal warfare

11. Reform Movements & Jews in Europe
Why did reform movements develop?
Cluniac Reforms
Abbot Berno of Cluny
Revived Benedictine rule
No longer allowed Nobles to interfere in monastic affairs
1073 – Pope Gregory VII extended Cluniac reforms to the entire church.
Outlawed marriage for priests and prohibited simony or the selling of church offices
Preaching Orders
1200s – Francis of Assisi & Dominic
Orders of friars preaching to the poor
Jews in Europe
Jews flourished in Spain called Sephardim
Under Muslim rule, other religions tolerated
Migrated to Germanic territories
Late 1000’s Christian persecution increased – Why? Effects?

12. Section 4: Expansion and Change
An Agricultural Revolution
New Technologies – iron plows
New harness
Windmill
Expanding Production
Reclaiming of wasteland for farming
Three field system – one field with grain, one with legumes, and the third fallow
Revival of Trade
Why did trade revive minimally in Europe?
Trade Fairs – purpose / effect

13. The Commercial Revolution
Definition:
Business Practices:
What changed?
Bill of Exchange
How was Europe affected Socially? Religiously?
Guilds
What are they, and why are they important in Europe History?

14. Eastern Europe: Byzantine Empire and Russia
Chapter 9 Sections 1 and 2

15. Byzantine Empire Background: Age of Justinian
How did the Byzantine Empire emerge?
Why is Constantinople considered a major trading port?
Age of Justinian
Built Hagia Sophia church
Coded Laws
Organized all the laws of ancient Rome into Corpus Juris Civilis or Body of Civil Law (Justinian’s Code)
What type of ruler was Justinian?
After Justinian
Empire lost land after Justinian due to attacks by Persians, Slavs, Vikings Mongols, and Turks.

16. Byzantine Christianity
Who led Christianity in the Byzantine empire?
How was it different than in the West?
Schism
What caused the split?  
1054 – Official Break
Crisis and Collapse
Who conquered the Byzantine Empire?
Why did it collapse?

18. The Crusades What caused the Crusades?
Why did the European Knights sack Constantinople?
Why did Europe lose the crusades?
How was Europe affected?

19. Byzantine Heritage Byzantine Heritage Architecture -
What did they preserve? Why is this so important?
Art
Mosaics
Icons
Scholars
Anna Comnena – world’s first important female historian?
Portrayed Latin crusaders as greedy barbarians

20. Section 2: The Rise of Russia
Geography of Russia
Eurasian plain
Ural mountains divides boundary between Europe and Asia
Tundra – frozen land
Steppe – southern
Open treeless grassland
Growth of Kiev
Slavs spread into southern Russia
The Varangians
Who are they?
What major
trading city did
they establish?

21. “Baby Russia” Byzantine Influences
What things did Kiev & Moscow adopt from the Byzantine Empire?
Yaroslav
Kiev’s Golden Age
Why?

22. Mongol Conquest Golden Horde Mongol Influences
What effect did they have on the development of Russia?
What type of government did the Russians develop?

23. Moscow City becomes head of the Orthodox church
1380 Russians defeated Golden Horde at battle of Kulikovo
 Ivan the Great
Why was he great?
 Ivan the terrible
Why was he terrible?
1613 a group of clergy, nobles and townsmen chose a new czar – Michael Romanov
His dynasty will last until (Russian Revolution)