1. What were the causes, main events, and effects of the early Cold War?
The Cold War Chapter 25
What were the causes, main events, and effects of the early Cold War?

2. The Cold War Begins Section 1
How did U.S. leaders respond to the threat of Soviet expansion in Europe?
Vocabulary:
-satellite state containment
-Cold War Marshall Plan
-iron curtain Berlin airlift
-Truman Doctrine NATO
-George F. Kennan Warsaw Pact

3. Standards
SSUSH20
The student will analyze the domestic and international impact of the Cold War on the United States.
Element: SSUSH20.a
Describe the creation of the Marshall Plan, U.S. commitment to Europe, the Truman Doctrine, and the origins and implications of the containment policy.
Element: SSUSH20.b
Explain the impact of the new communist regime in China, the outbreak of the Korean War, and how these events contributed to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy.
Element: SSUSH20.c
Describe the Cuban Revolution, the Bay of Pigs and the Cuban missile crisis.
Element: SSUSH20.d
Describe the Vietnam War, the Tet offensive, and growing opposition to the war.

4. The Cold War Begins Roots of the Cold War
Main Idea: By the end of World War II, the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union had fallen apart due to the fear that the Soviet Union was attempting world domination.
Meeting the Soviet Challenge
Main Idea: At President Truman’s urging, Congress aided Greece, Turkey, and other countries struggling against communist movements.
Containing Soviet Expansion
Main Idea: George F. Kennan presented a policy called containment, with the goal of keeping communism within its current borders.
The Cold War Heats Up
Main Idea: When the Soviets blockaded Allied-controlled West Berlin, The United Sates and Britain used a massive airlift to fly supplies into the city, showing how far they would go to fight communism.

5. American and Soviet Systems
American System
Capitalist democracy
Free elections
Economic and religious freedom
Private property
Respect for individual rights
Soviet System
Dictatorship
Communist Party made all economic, political and military decisions
No religious worship
No private property
No freedom of speech

6. Cold War
Name given to the competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union
Political and economic conflict and military tensions
Lasted nearly 50 years, until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991

7. Reading Skill: Contrast
NOTE TAKING

8. President Truman April 12, 1945, Roosevelt dies
In the Congress for 10 years
Vice President for 83 days
Took a harder line toward Stalin than Roosevelt had

9. Yalta Conference February, 1945
Poland – Stalin agreed to let Poles choose own government
Creation of United Nations

10. Potsdam Conference July, 1945
U.S.S.R. wanted $10 billion from Germany in reparations
Allies said “No!”
Agreed to divide Germany into four zones
U.S. pushed for Polish elections as well as Eastern Europe
Truman received word that the atom bomb had been tested

11. Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence
NOTE TAKING

12. Iron Curtain Stalin predicted the triumph of communism over capitalism
Cominform: Soviet agency to direct Communist parties in the world
Winston Churchill: “…an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.”

13. Iron Curtain
“From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of…Central and Eastern Europe…The Communist parties, which were very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control”
--”Iron Curtain” speech
Winston Churchill, March 5, 1946

14. Satellite Nations Soviets lost 20 million people during WWII
Soviets wanted to protect its interests, so Stalin established satellite nations (countries subject to Soviet domination)
Poland, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and East Germany became satellite nations by 1948
Yugoslavia maintained a degree of independence from the U.S.S.R.
Tito (Josip Broz) was the communist dictator of Yugoslavia; refused to take orders from Stalin

15. Containment
Idea from George Kennan, an American diplomat stationed in Moscow; West needed intelligent long-range policies
Policy recognized the possibility that Eastern Europe was lost to communism
U.S. to resist formation of Communist governments elsewhere in the world

16. Truman Doctrine Great Britain gave world leadership to U.S.
1947 declaration that the U.S. would support nations that were being threatened by communism
Americans provided aid to Greece and Turkey; Congress provided $400 million, plus military bases

17. Marshall Plan
Marshall Plan: called for the nations of Europe to draw up a program for economic recovery from the war. The U.S. would support them with financial aid of $13 billion
Hoped to create strong democracies and open new markets for American goods

18. Transparency: The Cost of Containment

19. Shipments Financed by the Marshall Plan
CHART

20. Berlin Airlift West Berlin: capitalist and democratic
East Berlin: communist
Many fled to West Berlin
Stalin blockaded the city
Supplies brought in by plane
Stalin lifted the blockade in May 1949

21. Berlin Airlift
INFOGRAPHIC

22. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
“association of democratic peace-loving states” to defend Western Europe
Collective security: mutual military assistance; “an armed attack against one or more of them…shall be considered an attack against them all.”

23. Warsaw Pact
1955, Soviet Union formed a military alliance with its satellite nations in Eastern Europe except for Yugoslavia

24. What Will Happen to Postwar Europe?
COMPARING VIEWPOINTS
What Will Happen to Postwar Europe?

25. Progress Monitoring TransparencyPM
TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Answer C A

26. The Korean War Section 2
How did President Truman use the power of the presidency to limit the spread of communism in East Asia?
Vocabulary:
-Jiang Jieshi Douglas MacArthur
-Mao Zedong limited war
-38th parallel SEATO

27. The Korean War
Communists Gain Control of China
Main Idea: Americans were shocked when communists won the Civil War in China and greatly expanded communist control in the world.
Americans Fight in Korea
Main Idea: After communist-controlled North Korea invaded South Korea, the United States sent military aid to South Korea, which ultimately resulted in a stalemate.
The Korean War Has Lasting Effects
Main Idea: President Eisenhower’s threat of nuclear weapons convinced the communists to sign a cease-fire, but there was no clear victory in the war.

28. Civil War in China Jiang Jieshi – leader of Nationalist government
Corruption – diverted American aid
Generals would not fight
Mao Zedong – Communist rebel
Promised to feed the people
Defeated Jiang in 1948, with Jiang fleeing to Taiwan
Established the People’s Republic of China

29. Reading Skill: Categorize
NOTE TAKING

30. Political Cartoons: The Korean War
TRANSPARENCY

31. Progress Monitoring TransparencyPM
TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Answer C A

32. Americans Fight in Korea
Korea: after WWII, Korea divided into two zones – North and South; Yalu River divided China and North Korea
South Korea was democratic (pro-American)
North Korea- communistic government
June, 1950, North Koreans invaded South Korea by crossing over the 38th parallel
USSR boycotted the Security Council
UN called on members to defend South Korea

33. Douglas MacArthur Fought in WWI and WWII
Commander of Americans in Asia in WWII
Controlled Japan after war, establishing a democracy

34. War
North Koreans swept through S. Korea with only area near Pusan unconquered
Defended Pusan; MacArthur invaded Inchon to cut North Korea’s supply lines
N. Koreans retreated back across the 38th parallel
UN troops neared Chinese border
“Home by Christmas” offensive

35. Chinese Attack Chinese pour over the border in November, 1950
Push UN forces back into S. Korea
Stalemate
Disagreed with Truman on limited war
Letter to Joseph Martin
Fired by Truman in 1951
War dragged on until 1953
53,000 American dead

37. Should the United States Invade China?
DECISION POINT

38. Dwight Eisenhower Elected 1952 promising to end the Korean War
Careful not to start a war with USSR over Eastern Europe
Continued policy of containment
Ended the Korean War with a cease-fire in 1953

39. Results of the Korean War
Two Koreas remain divided at about the 38th parallel; North Korea is communist and South Korea is a democracy
Set a precedent of Presidents committing U.S. troops to battle without a declaration of war
Increased military spending
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

40. Domestic Politics and Policies Presidents Truman and Eisenhower pursued different styles to meet the challenges of the postwar period.

41. Quick Study: Korean War’s Impact on America

42. The Cold War Expands Section 3
What methods did the U.S. use in its global struggle against the Soviet Union?
Vocabulary:
-arms race Nikita Khrushchev
-John Foster Douglas nationalize
-Eisenhower Doctrine Suez crisis
-massive retaliation Eisenhower Doctrine
-brinkmanship CIA
-mutually assured NASA
destruction

43. The Arms Race Heightens Tensions
The Cold War Expands
The Arms Race Heightens Tensions
Main Idea: When the United States discovered that the Soviet Union had set off an atomic bomb, an arms race between the two nations started as each developed increasingly powerful nuclear weapons.
Eisenhower Introduces New Policies
Main Idea: Eisenhower favored a defense policy of stockpiling nuclear weapons so that the United States could threaten enemies with the use of overwhelming force.
The Cold War Goes Global
Main Idea: Tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union led to conflicts in countries throughout the world.
Continued…

44. Communist Advances Soviets test an atomic bomb
U.S. develops hydrogen bomb
China is taken over by Mao Zedong after he defeats Jiang Jieshi in a civil war; Beijing falls to the Communists in 1949

45. Hydrogen Bomb Truman ordered the production of a hydrogen bomb
Tested in 1952
Oppenheimer and Einstein were opposed
Knew that Soviets would develop it; arms race

46. Arms Race Struggle to gain weapons superiority over the USSR
Tested the hydrogen bomb at Bikini Island
Nuclear Arsenals
Brinkmanship
ICBMs

47. The Arms Race
CHART

48. Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas
NOTE TAKING

49. Domestic Uses of Cold War Technology
INFOGRAPHIC

50. Eisenhower’s New Policies
John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State
Policy of massive retaliation
Brinkmanship - “You have to take some chances for peace, just as you take chances in war.”
Policy saved money by focusing on nuclear power, not conventional forces

51. Stalin’s Death Stalin died March 5, 1953
Nikita Khrushchev became new leader
Death of Stalin eased tensions between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.

52. Iron Curtain Uprisings
Poland – workers rioted and won greater control of government
Hungary – Huge demonstrations crushed by Soviet troops; many executed

53. Suez Crisis 1956 Nasser of Egypt seized the British-owned Suez Canal.
British and French attacked Egypt to regain the canal.
Eisenhower got them to withdraw, leaving Egypt with the canal

54. Eisenhower Doctrine
Stated that the U.S. would aid any country in the Middle East requesting aid against Aggression (Communist-inspired)
Sent troops to Lebanon to put down a revolt

55. Middle East Palestine: many Jews fled there
I948 Jews proclaimed nation of Israel
War between Israel and Arabs
U.S. backed Israel; USSR backed Arabs

56. Iran 1952 pro-communist leader controlled Iran
1953 U.S. organized his overthrow by the CIA and restored the Shah of Iran
Created long-term resentment against the U.S.

57. Cold War Initiatives
TRANSPARENCY

58. Sputnik First artificial satellite to orbit Earth
U.S. first satellite crashed
Soviets shot down U-2 plane
Military-industrial complex

59. The Cold War Space Race

60. First Satellite Soviets launched Sputnik October 1957
Housed a 1-watt radio transmitter
Powered by three silver-zinc batteries
Transformed the world

61. From Sputnik to the International Space Station

62. First Man in Space Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1 April 12, 1961
First to orbit the Earth
Parachuted to Earth

63. First American in Space
John Glenn
Three orbits
February 20, 1962

64. Apollo Program Moon program Apollo 11 July 20, 1969
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the Moon

65. Space Shuttle Program began in 1972 Reusable space craft
Two have been lost

66. Space Station Joint program between the United States and Russia
Weight – 404,069 pounds
Dimensions – 240 feet by 90 feet

67. Future of Space Travel Since 1961, more than 400 humans in space
Working to improve life on Earth
Future – extend life beyond Earth

68. Domino Theory
Belief that if one country fell to the Communists, its neighbors would follow
Vietnam, a French colony; French fought Ho Chi Minh, Vietnamese communist ruler
U.S. provided military aid to France
French lost in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu
Vietnam divided into Communist North and anti-Communist South
U.S. provided aid to South

70. Latin America
Rio Pact: regional defense alliance with 18 other nations
Organization of American States (OAS) formed to increase cooperation

71. Cuba 1959 Fidel Castro overthrow Batista, a corrupt dictator
He established a Communist government
Castro seized American property
Exports to Cuba halted and diplomatic ties ended

72. Progress Monitoring TransparencyPM
TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Answer C A

73. Cold War at Home Section 4
How did fear of domestic communism affect American society during the Cold War?
Vocabulary:
-Red Scare Alger Hiss
-Smith Act Joseph R. McCarthy
-McCarthyism HUAC
-Hollywood Ten blacklist
-Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

74. The Cold War at Home Worrying About Communists at Home
Main Idea: Americans began to fear that communists in the United States were working for the Soviet Union, and Congress started investigations of potential communists.
Spy Cases Worry Americans
Main Idea: Spy trials attracted public attention and drew awareness to the threat of communist agents working against the United States. Alger Hiss’s case and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg trial were two controversial cases that received national interest
McCarthy Uses Ruthless Tactics
Main Idea: Senator McCarthy became chairman of an investigations committee against potential communists, were he spent years making reckless accusations that often discredited people.

75. Political Cartoons: Red Scare or Red Smear
ANALYZE

76. HUAC – Second Red Scare
Smith Act: unlawful to overthrow the government
House Un-American Activities Committee
Charged Hollywood personalities with being members of the Communist party
Hollywood Ten – Cited for contempt of Congress and served jail terms ranging from six months to a year
Blacklist – list of people whom employers agreed not to hire

77. Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects
NOTE TAKING

78. McCarran-Walter Act
Set a quota system for countries; this system discriminated against immigrants from Asia and Southern and Central Europe to keep communists out of the U.S.
Vetoed by Truman, but Congress passed it over the President’s veto

79. Spy Cases
Alger Hiss: convicted of lying in a slander case against Whittaker Chambers
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets; executed in 1953

80. Reading Skill: Compare and Contrast
NOTE TAKING
Answers:
1. D
2. C

81. The Red Scare
TRANSPARENCY

82. McCarthy Era Joseph McCarthy-Republican Senator
Indicated that State Dept was full of communists
Accused Sec. of State George Marshall
Said Army full of commies in 1954
Hearings were televised and Americans saw him as a bully

83. Progress Monitoring TransparencyPM
TRANSPARENCY
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Answer C A