1. THE TRIUMPHS AND TRAVAILS OF THE JEFFERSONIAN REPUBLIC
AP U.S. History
Chapter 11

2. THE JEFFERSONIAN “REVOLUTION OF 1800” – JEFFERSONIAN RESTRAINT
"Revolution of 1800" -- significant for its unprecedented peaceful transfer of power
“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” – more harmonious spirit in politics
"Honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none."
Simple inauguration - simple administration – reduced number of grand balls/dinners, sent annual messages to Congress by clerk (done until Woodrow Wilson), rode horseback, small dinners served at a round table, wore no wig and homespun clothes (once answered callers in dressing gown/slippers).

3. Jefferson - kept most of Hamilton's financial plan intact
Real threat to republic – taxes, standing army, public corruption
Most vigilant/virtuous people – educated farmers. Least – residents of cities (breeding grounds for mobs)
Studied science – every scientific advance would increase human happiness
Jefferson - kept most of Hamilton's financial plan intact
Did not keep excise taxes
Maintained Bank
Retained tariff
Did not tamper with funding national debt at par and assumption of state debts.

4. Jefferson reversed certain Federalist policies
Pardoned/returned fines - guilty under the Sedition Law
New naturalization law in 1802 – 5 year requirement
Succeeded in substantially reducing the national debt ($80 million to $57 million) while balancing the budget - cut gov’t spending – Albert Gallatin – Sec. of Treasury
Reduced Hamilton’s standing army but kept strong navy – 3,350 officers and men – rely on it only for national defense.

5. JEFFERSON, A RELUCTANT WARRIOR
1801 – Ordered Navy to Mediterranean
Tripolitan War ( )
After 4 years of fighting, Tripoli was forced to sign a treaty 1805
Jefferson - build up
a fleet of small gunboats
(later criticized as the
"mosquito fleet") as it
later proved ineffective
during the War of 1812

6. Jefferson and the Judiciary
No Republicans sat on federal judiciary
Still upset over enforcement of A and S Acts
Judiciary Act of 1801 – reduced Supreme Court judges from 6 to 5 (Jefferson could not appoint when there was a vacancy), and increased the number of federal judges (16) – assured Federalists domination of the federal courts.
"midnight judges"
Act repealed by Rep congress (1802)

7. John Marshall Chief Justice - 34 years
Committed to strengthening the federal government.
Maintained Federalist principles - “Ghost of Alexander Hamilton”

8. MEANS… Marbury vs Madison, 1803
William Marbury sued for delivery of his commission - held up by new secretary of state James Madison.
Madison was ordered by Jefferson to withhold Adams' appointments under the Judiciary Act of 1801.
Marshall ruled Madison under no legal obligation b/c Congress had exceeded its constitutional authority.
Marbury
Madison
MEANS…

9. Judicial Review
Marshall ruled part of the Judiciary Act of 1789, an act of Congress, unconstitutional
Supreme Court - power to rule legislative acts unconstitutional. Supreme Court has the ultimate say-so.
Power of Supreme Court
greatly enhanced
Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison, in which Chief Justice John Marshall (statue, foreground) outlined the concept of judicial review.

10. Meantime…. Does excessively partisan fit this?
Impeaching two Federalist Judges – John Pickering (insane/ alcoholic) and Samuel Chase (big-time Federalist
who jailed Republicans under Sedition Act)
Impeachment – treason, bribery, and “high crimes and misdemeanors”
Does excessively partisan fit this?

11. The Louisiana Purchase
Treaty of San Ildefonso – Spain ceded to France
6 months to get news, minutes to realize…
Spanish withdrew right of deposit at New Orleans guaranteed under the Pinckney Treaty of 1795.
Monroe/Livingston to Paris – buy New Orleans, as much of Florida as possible

12. Louisiana Territory purchased for $15 million (1/4 was debts owed by French to Americans that we would pay). Doubled our size, gave farmers enough land for long time, insured access to MS river.

13. Constitutional????? Jefferson accepted TREATY reluctantly
Justified if as providing farmers with more land.
Federalists opposed LA Purchase
Decrease Eastern stronghold

14. Most important land purchase in U.S. History
1. Doubled size of U.S. for only 3 cents an acre – a BARGAIN and a SURPRISE PACKAGE!!! 2. Guaranteed MS River/New Orleans 3. Paved way for westward expansion - By 1890 all remaining Native Americans in West would be killed or forced onto reservations. John Jacob Astor formed the American Fur Company in tap into the newly purchased territory; eventually resulted in U.S. claim to Oregon 4. Ended European expansion in North America (for the most part) 5. Avoided possible war with France, entangling alliance with Britain. However, a few weeks after the LA Purchase, FR declared war on GB, which dominated American politics for the next 11 years 6. Boosted American nationalism

15. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Western boundary???
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark, 50 others
French fur-trader/wife, Sacajawea
U.S. claim to Oregon; further opened West to Indian trade, exploration. Demonstrated viability of an overland trail to the Pacific – missionaries, fur trades and settlers.
Collected scientific info, tall tales
Zebulon M. Pike , went into Colorado & New Mexico; discovered Pike’s Peak

17. Jefferson wins again in 1804
Republicans got rid of Burr…
First term success – U.S. doubled its territory, taken steps to pay off debt, remained at PEACE!
Jefferson wins again in 1804

18. The Gathering Storm… 1803-1814 Renewal of Napoleonic Wars
Federalists weakened, but Republicans - internal squabbles…
Burr big problem…
“Quids”

19. The Suppression of American Trade
1803 – Britain and France resumed their war…
U.S. – carrying supplies from FR/SP Caribbean colonies to Europe
Napoleon – supplies, HURT Britain (driving down prices from their colonies – economic probs)
1803 – 1807 U.S. exports rose from $66.5 million to $102.2 million.
England – “Orders in Council" – blockade of French-controlled ports of Europe.
France – “Continental System” – ships obeying British regulations subject to seizure…
RESULT – ALL AMERICAN TRADE WITH EUROPE HAD BEEN OUTLAWED!!

20. Both FR/BR seizing ships…
British more humilitating…
Off OUR coast
British Impressment
6,000 Americans impressed between
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (June 21, 1807) - H.M.S. Leopard demanded surrender of four** alleged British deserters on U.S.S. Chesapeake . Leopard fired at the Chesapeake: 3 dead; 18 wounded.

21. Sought PEACE Chesapeake Affair enraged country
Made some preparations for war, BUT…
Sought PEACE

22. THE HATED EMBARGO Prohibited only exports, but…
Jefferson wanted to avoid war – taxes, debt, defeat would be bad for the U.S. BUT – at the same time could not give in to the mistreatment.
Embargo Act – 1807 – prohibited ships from leaving American ports for foreign ports.
Prohibited only exports, but…
“Peaceable coercion” – pressure both nations to respect our rights

23. British sales to the U.S. dropped 50%, but they found new markets in South America
Also – Embargo Act contained loopholes
Ships blown off course…
Napoleon seized ships (enforcement??)

24. Embargo Act disaster to the U.S. economy
In 1807 U.S. exports = $108 million ; in 1808 = $22 million. Merchants (bankrupt/jail), shipping (30,000 seamen out of work), farmers (can’t pay debts) all hurt.
Congress repealed - March 1, 1809 (3 days before Jefferson left office)

25. Election of 1808 Republican - James Madison
Federalists - significant gains in Congress (although still in minority) and gained control of several state legislatures.

26. Non-Intercourse Act (1809) – replaced Embargo Act
Reopened trade with all nations of the world except BR and FR (trade would reopen if they stopped violating our rights) – they didn’t, so…
Macon’s Bill #2 – Opened trade with BR and FR, then a bribe – if either nation repealed its restrictions we would stop trade with other.

27. Reasons for embargo's failure
Overestimated British dependence on U.S. trade
Embargo not in effect long enough, administered effectively
Embargo Act proved to be three times as costly as war             -- U.S. lost opportunity to build a strong navy
Northeastern Federalists undermined Embargo through smuggling.

28. The Embargo Act inadvertently sparked the Industrial Revolution
New England - self-sufficient             -- Textile factories
The Embargo eventually hurt Britain - British importers and textile manufacturers saw major losses

29. Madison (now President) under fire from aggressive Republicans
South and West – “War Hawks”
Henry Clay (KY) and John C.
Calhoun (SC)
Economic Recession

30. TECUMSEH AND THE PROPHET
Fear of Indian threat in west (with help of British in Canada)
Tecumseh, brother “the Prophet” organized several tribes in OH, IN and attacked settlers.
William H. Harrison’s army - defeated the Prophet at Battle of Tippecanoe, Tecumseh at Battle of the Thames

31. “Tecumseh’s Curse” 1840 – William H. Harrison - pneumonia
1860 – Abraham Lincoln - assassination
1880 – James Garfield - assassination
1900 – William McKinley - assassination
1920 – Warren G. Harding – heart attack/stroke/poison?
1940 – Franklin D. Roosevelt – cerebral hemorrhage
1960 – John F. Kennedy - assassinated
1980 – Ronald Reagan – attempted assassination (injured but not killed)
2000 – George W. Bush – attempted assassination (not injured)

32. Congress Votes for War Causes: June 1st – War message to Congress
Impressment
British ships in American waters
British violations of neutral rights
Incitement of Indians
Underlying cause – economic recession affecting S and W
Madison

33. U.S. declared war on Britain in June, 1812 - 1st declaration of war under the Constitution

34. The War of 1812 British – naval blockade on American coast
Ally – Native Americans
Americans – few militiamen understood goals of war
Focused on Canada, unsuccessfully…

35. The Treaty of Ghent 1814 – Ghent, Belgium (signed Christmas Eve)
British really not gaining anything, wanted peace in Europe, so…
Treaty:
restored the status quo ante bellum
Boundary issue between U.S./Canada referred to joint commissions for future settlement
Nothing done about impressment

36. Battle of New Orleans Most dramatic American victory!!!
Jan. 1815
Andrew Jackson and men in an hour inflicted more than 2,000 casualties while losing only 13 Americans.

37. The Hartford Convention
Battle of New Orleans – impact on domestic politics…
Northeast – hurt by Embargo, “Mr. Madison’s War”
Talk of secession
Late 1814 – convention in Hartford, CT – series of resolutions:

38. Abolish 3/5 clause
2/3 vote in Congress required to declare war
2/3 vote in Congress to admit new states
Limit President to 1 term
Prohibit election of 2 successive presidents from same state
Bar embargoes lasting more than 60 days

39. Federalists finished as a force in national politics!!!
Seen as a TRAITOROUS PLOT
Federalists finished as a force in national politics!!!