1. Introduction to Nanotechnology
March 10, 2007
bnl
manchester

2. Some things we will discuss:
Introduction to Nanotechnology
March 10, 2007
Some things we will discuss:
How big are nanostructures
Scaling down to the nanoscale
How are nanostructures made?
Fabrication, synthesis, manufacturing
How do we see them?
Imaging and property characterization
Why do we care?
Applications to science, technology and society

3. Why do we want to make things small?
To make products smaller, cheaper, faster and better by "scaling" them down. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, life-science, etc)
To introduce new physical phenomena for science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

4. Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
1 nanometer = 1 x 10-9 m
nano.gov

5. How small are nanostructures?
Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !
1 nanometer = one billionth (10-9) meter

6. Smaller still
DNA
3 nanometers
6,000 nanometers
Hair
Red blood cell .

7. An Early Nanotechnologist?

8. Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov
...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....

9. CHALLENGE: How thick was the film of oil?
... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ...
... perhaps half an Acre
CHALLENGE: How thick was the film of oil?
Volume = (Area)(Thickness)
V = A t
It can be determined that the thickness is around 1 nanometer
—> ACTIVITY with Oleic Acid

10. An Early Nanotechnologist!
A monolayer film (single layer of molecules)
Langmuir film
~1 nm thick
An Early Nanotechnologist!

11. Langmuir Film of an amphiphilic molecule water hydrophobic end
e.g., steric acid
pressure
of an amphiphilic
molecule
monolayer film
water
hydrophilic end

12. Langmuir-Blodgett Film
Must control movable
barrier to keep constant
pressure
multiple dips -
multiple layers

13. "Optical Lever" laser pointer
To determine amplification factor, use the concept of similar triangles

14. "Optical Lever" x2 x1 y1 y2
For example, if the laser pointer is 2" long, and the wall is 17' (204") away,
Motion amplified by 100 times!

15. "Optical Lever" for Profilometry
laser .
cantilever

16. "Optical Lever" for Profilometry
Long light path and a short cantilever gives large amplification
laser .
cantilever

17. Scanning probe microscope
Laser Beam
Vibrating Cantilever
PS/PEO
AFM image µm
(large )
Surface
AFM, STM, MFM, others

18. Quicktime AFM Cantilever Chip AFM Instrument Head Laser Beam Path
Cantilever Deflection

19. More on Nanotechnology

20. From DOE

21. A Few Nanostructures Made at UMass
100 nm dots
70 nm nanowires
200 nm rings
150 nm holes
18 nm pores
12 nm pores
14 nm dots
13 nm rings
25 nm honeycomb
14 nm nanowires

22. "Nano" Nanoscale - at the 1-100 nm scale, roughly
Nanostructure - an object that has nanoscale features
Nanoscience - the behavior and properties of nanostructures
Nanotechnology - the techniques for making and characterizing nanostructures and putting them to use
Nanomanufacturing - methods for producing nanostructures in reliable and commercially viable ways

23. Nanotechnology R&D is interdisciplinary and impacts many industries
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Materials Science
Polymer Science
Electrical Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Medicine
And others
Electronics
Materials
Health/Biotech
Chemical
Environmental
Energy
Aerospace
Automotive
Security
Forest products
And others

24. Making Small Smaller An Example: Electronics-Microprocessors
ibm.com

25. Electronics Keeps On Getting Better
Moore's "Law": Number of Transistors per Microprocessor Chip
intel.com

26. Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, etc) are of significant and growing importance.
Some have been around for a very long time:
Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles
Photographic film - silver nanoparticles
Tires - carbon black nanoparticles
Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium

27. nano.gov
"Biggest science initiative since the Apollo program"

28. National Nanotechnology Initiative
Program Component Areas (2007 Federal Budget)
Fundamental Nanoscale Phenomena and Processes
Nanomaterials
Nanoscale Devices and Systems
Instrumentation Research, Metrology and Standards for Nanotechnology
Nanomanufacturing
Major Research Facilities and Instrumentation Acquisition
Societal Dimensions

29. Making Nanostructures: Nanofabrication
Top down versus bottom up methods
Lithography
Deposition
Etching
Machining
Chemical
Self-Assembly

30. Mark Tuominen Mark Tuominen
Lithography
Mark
Tuominen
Mark
Tuominen
(Using a stencil or mask)

31. Making a microscopic mask
Example: Electron-Beam Lithography
Electron Beam
Polymer film
Silicon crystal
Nanoscopic Mask !

32. Lithography Patterned Several IBM Times Copper Wiring On a Computer
Chip

33. NANOFABRICATION BY SELF ASSEMBLY
One Example: Diblock Copolymers
Block “B”
Block “A” PS
PMMA
~10 nm
Scale set by molecular size
Ordered Phases
10% A
30% A
50% A
70% A
90% A

34. Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system
CORE CONCEPT
FOR NANOFABRICATION
Deposition
Template
Etching
Mask
Nanoporous
Membrane
(physical or
electrochemical)
Remove polymer
block within cylinders
(expose and develop)
Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system

35. DEVELOPMENT OF NANOFABRICATION TECHNIQUES FOR PLASMONIC ARRAYS
template
dots
cylinders
rings
holes

36. How do we see nanostructures?
• A light microscope? Helpful, but cannot resolve below 1000 nm
• An electron microscope? Has a long history of usefulness at the nanoscale
• A scanning probe microscope? A newer tool that has advanced imaging

37. Television Set prelim. TV screen eye Light ! electron beam electron
source

38. Scanning Electron Microscope
Beam
DETECTOR
SAMPLE

39. Scanning probe microscope
Laser Beam
Vibrating Cantilever
PS/PEO
AFM image µm
(large )
Surface
AFM, STM, MFM, others

40. STM
Image of Nickel Atoms

41. Pushing Atoms Around
STM