1. Unit 6: A Nation Divided and Rebuilt

2. In this Unit… Chapter 15: The Nation Breaking Apart
Chapter 16: The Civil War Begins
Chapter 17: The Tide of War Turns
Chapter 18: Reconstruction

3. Why It Matters Now
The Civil War represented the greatest threat to the survival of the American republic in our history. Why we fought, how the Union won, and how we rebuilt the nation remain enduring matters of discussion and debate.

4. Chapter 16: The Civil War Begins
Lesson 1: War Erupts

5. In this Chapter… Lesson 1: War Erupts Lesson 2: Life in the Army
Lesson 3: No End in Sight

6. Essential Question
What events, leaders, and strategies shaped the early years of the war?

7. What were the strategies of the North and the South?
Key Question
What were the strategies of the North and the South?

8. Vocabulary
Fort Sumter: Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina
Confederacy: Nation formed by Southern states
Robert E. Lee: Confederate general, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia
Anaconda Plan: Union strategy to defeat the Confederacy

9. Expectations
Southerners expected a short war that they would easily win
Northerners expected the same!
Americans slowly realized the war would be long and difficult.

10. First Shots at Fort Sumter
South took control of the Union’s federal forts
Fort Sumter ran out of supplies
If Lincoln sent supplies… he risked war
If Lincoln surrendered the fort… he would be giving in to the rebels
He decided to send supplies and notify the Confederacy
Confederate leaders decided to attack the fort before the supplies arrived
April 12, 1861
Confederate troops open fired
34 hours of shooting
Union troops surrendered
No one was killed
This marked the start of the Civil War

11. Lincoln Calls out the militia
Lincoln asked Union states to provide 75,000 militiamen for 90 days to put down the uprising
A militia is a group of individuals who are civilians that are called for in emergency situations
The Northern states responded with enthusiasm
The upper South responded with defiance
Soon additional states seceded
Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas
Not all slave states seceded
Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri

12. States Choose Sides = Union States = Confederate State
= Slave State not seceding = Territory/Not State

13. Preparing for Battle Virginia was very important to the South
Rich
Populous (many people)
Confederacy moved their capital to Richmond
Home of Robert E. Lee
Lee resigned from the US army and joined the Confederacy
After Virginia seceded
People wondered about the border states
Their locations and resources were important
All stayed with the Union
Later, the western counties of Virginia broke away and formed the new state of West Virginia and joined the Union
In total: 24 Union states and 11 Confederate states

14. Planning Strategies Union Confederacy
Started with a defensive strategy
Hoped to gain allies with Great Britain and France because of their dependence on cotton
They did not join
Did invade the North a couple times
Strategy was offensive
Invade and conquer
Anaconda Plan
Designed to strangle the South’s economy like a giant anaconda snake squeezing its prey
Naval blockade of the South’s coastline
Control the Mississippi River (would split the Confederacy in two)
Capture Confederate capital (Richmond, VA)

15. Anaconda Plan

16. Comparing North and South
Confederacy
Union
Strengths
Large population (22 million)
85% of nation’s factories
70% or nations railroads
Strong navy
Weaknesses
Depended on long supply lines
Fewer good military leaders
Soldiers were fighting an offensive war
Strengths
Large area
Good generals
Soldiers were fighting to protect their homeland
Weaknesses
Small population
5.5 million free; 3.5 slaves
Few factories
Fewer railroads
No naval power

17. First Battle of Bull Run
People called for an attack on Richmond, VA
The Union army would have to defeat the Confederate troops at Manassas, VA first
July 16, 1861
Union forces marched to Manassas
Troops were joined by hundred of spectators who expected a quick and entertaining battle
Union forces attacked at Bull Run
Confederate troops were driven back
But….
A regiment led by Thomas J. Jackson stopped the Union troops
“There is Jackson standing like a stone wall!”
Nicknamed “Stonewall” Jackson
Confederate troops charged while letting out the “rebel yell”
Union soldiers ran for their lives and spectators were shocked
Confederacy won
Casualties
2,700 for the North
2,000 for the South
It became obvious that this would be a deadly war.

18. Battle of Bull Run
Some showed up as early as 3 am to tailgate in their coach-and-fours, drink champagne, and grill cucumber sandwiches.

19. Lessons of Bull Run Three points became clear
The fighting would be bloody
The war would not be over quickly
Southern soldiers would fight fiercely to defend the Confederacy
After Bull Run, Lincoln realized the 90-day militias were no match for Confederate forces
He sent them home and called for a real army of 500,000 volunteers for 3 years
He appointed George McClellan as Commander of the Union army

20. What were the strategies of the North and the South?
Key Question
What were the strategies of the North and the South?

21. Chapter 16: The Civil War Begins
Lesson 2: Life in the Army

22. In this Chapter… Lesson 1: War Erupts Lesson 2: Life in the Army
Lesson 3: No End in Sight

23. Essential Question
What events, leaders, and strategies shaped the early years of the war?

24. What difficulties did soldiers face?
Key Question
What difficulties did soldiers face?

25. Vocabulary Enlist: To join the armed forces
Hygiene: Conditions and practices that often promote health

26. One American’s Story
“I am glad that Jim has not joined any [regiment] and I hope he never will. I would not have him go for all my pay; it would be very improbable that we could both go through this war and come out unharmed. Let him come here and see the thousands with their arms and legs cut off, or if that won’t do, let him go as I did the other day through Frederick hospitals and see how little account a man’s life and limbs are held in by others. - Major Peter Vredenburgh

27. Civilians Become Soldiers
Majority of soldiers were years old
Some were as young as 11
Some were as old as 83
On both sides, men rushed to enlist
German and Irish immigrants also joined
At the beginning, African Americans were not allowed to fight
Throughout the war
About 2 million served in the Union Army
Less than 1 million served in the Confederate Army
Volunteers were sent to training camp
Union soldiers were given blue uniforms
Confederate soldiers wore gray or yellowish-brown
Clothing, shoes, and food grew scarce as the war went on

28. A New Kind of War
Advances in military technology brought many casualties
Medical technologies were poor and filthy conditions spread disease
Camps were dirty and smelled of garbage and latrines
Soldiers often did not bathe or wash their clothing
Flea infestation
Poor hygiene spread disease
Doctors often performed surgery without washing their hands
Because of these conditions, more men died from disease than on the battlefield

29. Civil War Prison Camps
War was difficult for all soldiers, but the worst for prisoners
Prisoners faced terrible conditions
Many died of sickness and exposure to severe weather
Little shelter
Drinking water could come from a creek that was also a sewer
Others died from starvation and disease

30. Changes in Military Technology
Improvements had huge effects on the war
Rifles and Minié Balls
Rifle has a grooved barrel that spins the bullet
Minié ball expands upon firing
Could shoot farther and more accurately than muskets
Changes in Naval Warfare
Ironclads were warships covered with iron
Faster and better protected
Famous Ironclad Battle
Union’s the Monitor fought Confederate’s the Merrimac
Neither side won
Despite new technology, neither side was able to defeat the other in the first two years of the war

31. What difficulties did soldiers face?
Key Question
What difficulties did soldiers face?

32. Chapter 16: The Civil War Begins
Lesson 3: No End in Sight

33. In this Chapter… Lesson 1: War Erupts Lesson 2: Life in the Army
Lesson 3: No End in Sight

34. What events, leaders, and strategies shaped the early years of war?
Essential Question
What events, leaders, and strategies shaped the early years of war?

35. What were some important victories of the North and South?
Key Question
What were some important victories of the North and South?

36. Vocabulary Ulysses S. Grant: Union general who won battles in the west
Battle of Shiloh: Bloody battle in Tennessee won by Grant
William Tecumseh Sherman: Union general at the Battle of Shiloh
Battle of Antietam: Battle in Maryland that ended Lee’s first invasion of the North

37. Union Victories in the West
George McClellan was the current Union general in the East
The Union had just lost at Bull Run
McClellan restored the soldiers’ confidence and spent time organizing and training them
He was reluctant to attack Richmond and spent more time training the troops
Ulysses S. Grant was the current Union general in the West
Grant’s strategy: “Find out where your enemy is. Get at him as soon as you can. Strike at him as hard as you can, and keep moving on.”
In February 1862, Grant used ironclads to capture to Confederate river forts in Tennessee
The Union gunboats could now travel as far as Alabama by river

38. The Battle of Shiloh Grant followed troops into Mississippi
Confederates surprise attacked Union troops near Shiloh Church
This was the fiercest fighting in the war so far
Union general, William Tecumseh Sherman, had 3 horses shot out from under him
Each side believed they would win in the morning
Terrible thunderstorms during the night
During the night, Union reinforcements arrived
Grant led an attack at dawn and forced the Southern troops to retreat
Casualties
Union: 13,000 (about 1/5 of the 65,000)
Confederate: 11,000 (about ¼ of the 41,000)
Many people in the North wanted Lincoln to fire Grant because of the high casualties

40. The Fall of New Orleans
April 25, 1862: Union fleet led by Admiral Farragut captured New Orleans (the largest city in the South)
Farragut’s ships had to run through cannon fire and dodge burning rafts in order to reach the city
This was a heavy blow to the South
“New Orleans gone – and with it the Confederacy. Are we not cut in two? – Mary Chesnut (South Carolinian)
The Union was well on its way to achieving their goal of cutting the Confederacy in two
Confederacy still controlled the heavily armed fort at Vicksburg

42. Lee’s Victories June 1862: Lee takes charge of the army of
Northern Virginia
June 25-July 1, Seven Days’ Battle
Sent men to spy on General McClellan who reported their position
Lee attacked McClellan’s army for a week
The number of casualties was horrific
Union: 15,849
Confederacy: around 20,000
Although the Confederates suffered more losses, the Union was forced to retreat
The Union plan to capture Richmond had failed
Confederates won again at Bull Run
Union troops were pushed back to Washington
Lee had ended the Union threat to Virginia
Renewed the Confederate hopes of winning the war 2

43. Lee Invades the North
Because of recent victories, Lee decided to go on the offensive
Invaded Maryland in September 1862
Reasons:
Hoped a victory in the North would force Lincoln into peace talks
Invasion would give Virginian farmers a rest during harvest season
Confederates could plunder, or steal from, Northern farms for food
Show that the Confederacy could win the war, which could convince European nations to side with the South

44. Battle of Antietam Lee drew up a plan for his invasion of the North
A Confederate officer accidentally left a copy of the battle plans wrapped around 3 cigars at a campsite
Union troops passed through and found the plans
The captured plans gave McClellan a chance to stop Lee
McClellan went on the attack, but moved slowly
September 17, 1862 at Antietam Creek, Maryland
Lee and McClellan clashed
Bloodiest day in American history

45. Battle of Antietam
“Again and again… by charges and counter-charges, this portion of the field was lost and recovered, until the green corn that grew upon it looked as if it had been struck by a storm of bloody hail… From sheer exhaustion, both sides, like battered and bleeding athletes, seemed willing to rest.”
- John B. Gordon (Confederate officer)
Neither side had gained any ground by nightfall
The only difference was that 23,000 men were dead or wounded
Lee lost almost ¼ of his army, withdrew to Virginia
The cautious McClellan did not follow, missing a chance to finish off the crippled Southern army
Lincoln was so frustrated that he fired McClellan

58. What were some important victories of the North and South?
Key Question
What were some important victories of the North and South?

59. Essential Question
What events, leaders, and strategies shaped the early years of the war?