1. Imperialism Alliances War
Chapter 26
Imperialism
Alliances
War

2. You got some and I want some, too.
Imperialism
You got some and I want some, too.

3. These factors made it possible for Europeans to impose their will on other peoples in the late 19th century

4. Technological superiority
Factors:
Technological superiority
Confidence in their rightness of purpose & way of life
Centrally organize nation-states

5. New Imperialism Capital investments
Transform local economies & cultures
Annexation?
Direct rule?
Less industrialized countries
Develop mines, railroads, bridges, harbors, communication systems

6. Motives for New Imperialism
Strategic considerations
Political considerations

7. Chief advocates of the economic interpretation of imperialism
Vladimir Lenin
J. A. Hobson

8. European nations must civilize foreign lands
Argued most strongly
European nations must civilize foreign lands
Religious groups

9. Scramble for Africa (transparency)
An inaccessible continent
Only coastal areas to 1800
Portuguese first
Stanley & Livingstone
Leopold II (Belgium) becomes a player
FranceAlgeria, Morocco, Tunisia
GB grabs Suez 1880s

10. Germany in Africa German imperialism centered in EAST Africa
Bismarck—improve Germany's diplomatic position in Europe
Congress of Berlin

11. African Resistance
Samori Toure (Mandinka) fought French in West Africa
Queen Yaa Asatewa (Asante) fought the British (1896)
K. Menelik II (Ethiopia) defeated Italy in Battle of Adowa
Zulu, Matabele, Mashone in Southern Rhodesia (1890s)

12. By 1900, all but Ethiopia & Liberia have been colonized

13. Imperialist methods of governing
Europe could not afford to support colonies
Direct rule
Indirect rule
Proprietary
Day – to – day effect is same

14. Impact on African societies
Missionaries collaborated with colonists against African interests
Moroccan Crises
Fashoda Crisis
Boer War & Union of South Africa ( )
“settler” colonies
“economic” colonies
Clan & village relations disrupted & destroyed
Infrastructure built to serve exploitation NOT development

15. Other areas (transparency)
Far East—Japan, China
India
Indonesia
ONE BIG GAME OF “RISK” ™

16. Opposed the idea of further political interference in other lands
Great Britain
Opposed the idea of further political interference in other lands
Economic interference was OK
Did bring benefits to Britain’s colonies

17. Japan “Open Door Policy”
Allowed businessmen to trade w/ Japan on equal terms

18. Freed the Slavic states in the Balkans from Ottoman rule
Treaty of San Stephano
Freed the Slavic states in the Balkans from Ottoman rule
Where are the Balkans?

19. Congress of Berlin 1878
Check Russia’s intervention in the Slavic & Ottoman affairs
Was a blow to Russian ambitions—lost potential & actual territories
Met under Bismarck’s leadership
INFLUENCE

20. “Jingoism”
Super-patriotism
“We don’t want to fight, But by jingo if we do, We’ve got the men, We’ve got the ships, We’ve got the money too. The Russians will not have Constantinople!”

21. “Let’s you and me gang up on the other guy…”
Alliances
“Let’s you and me gang up on the other guy…”

22. Bismarck & Alliances Complicated system of secret alliances
“honest broker”
Wanted no new territory (Europe) & preserve peace
Nemesis—William II

23. Dual Alliance 1879
Germany & Austria would come to each other’s aid if either were attacked by Russia (WWI)
If either were attacked by another country—maintain neutrality
Sought to isolate Russia

24. Italy—didn’t want to be left out
Triple Alliance
Germany
Austria
Italy—didn’t want to be left out

25. Bismarck’s complicated system of alliances was upset by the accession of William II to the German throne….

26. William II (Germany) “world policy” Ruled by divine right
Germany—leading power of Europe
Victoria’s grandson
Goofed when he fired Bismarck
“world policy”

27. Otto von Bismarck—legacy
Clear & limited idea of nation’s goals
Resistance to pressures for European expansion
Knowledge of other countries’ needs & hopes

28. A force for unity & European stability
Peace through strength

29. More William II Hired Gen. Leo von Caprivi as chancellor
Germany is enemy of GB—colonialism
Facing Franco-Russian alliance--defensive
Caprivi wants to ally w/GB
GB is fulcrum to balance of power

30. William II Envies & loves GB—wants navy Admiral Tirpitz—risk theory
Germany can build a big enough fleet to do enough damage to make the British navy inferior to other powers.
Not so much a war threat
“Anything you can do, we can do better!”

31. Entente Cordiale GB & France France & Russia
Not a formal treaty—patched up colonial differences (GB & Fr)
Russia? Didn’t GB side w/Japan 1904/5?
Fear of Germany makes strange bedfellows….zzzz

32. Triple Entente Vs. Triple Alliance Triple Entente 1907 Great Britain
France
Russia
Triple Entente
Vs.
Triple Alliance

33. Possible 2 front war with France & Russia
Bismarck’s nightmare
Possible 2 front war with France & Russia

34. ~ Germany needed a contingency plan for a two-front war ~ Schlieffen Plan (WWI)

35. A brief look at the Russian Revolution & the Provisional Government
Dr. Zhivago
A brief look at the Russian Revolution & the Provisional Government

36. The Outbreak of the Russian Revolution (p.916-917)
Let’s take a look at this document

37. Russian miscellany
Provisional Government—Duma w/ Constitutional Democrats (Cadets)
Soviet—council of workers/soldiers
Organized by Mensheviks—needed the bourgeois before the proletariat revolution could be achieved
Alexander Kerensky—moderate socialist
Took over leadership of Provisional Govt.

38. Provisional Government
Failed in Russia in 1917
Disillusionment with the War
Provisional govt. continued to support it
Shortage of food
Growing demand by peasants for land reform

39. Vladimir Lenin--Bolshevik
German intervention
Saw opportunity to ally peasants & workers
More/less failure
Fled to Finland
Leon Trotsky (collaborator) jailed
Force of personality
Charisma

40. Bolshevik Success Right-wing countercoup against P.G.—failed
Opportunity for Trotsky—Petrograd soviet
Lenin back
Trotsky organized coup—Nov6—bloody
Bolsheviks rule Russia

41. Bolshevik (Communist) Dictatorship
Nationalized land—gave to peasant proprietors
Church property nationalized
RUSSIA OUT OF WWI
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918
Yielded Poland, Baltic states, Ukraine
Pay many rubles (war indemnity)

42. 1918-1921 Civil War “Reds” v. “Whites” Reds supported Revolution
White opposed Revolution/supported the Czar

43. 1918 Czar Nicholas II & family murdered No going back
Trade one absolute ruler for another

44. By 1921 Lenin and his supporters were in firm control of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

45. Kinda, maybe, sorta Or Previews of coming attractions….
Peace?
Kinda, maybe, sorta Or
Previews of coming attractions….

46. German defeat
German army disintegrated—William II abdicated—Nov. 9, 1918
Germany defeated? How? No foreign troops on German soil…
Germans expected a negotiated & mild settlement
“Gee, golly whiz! We’re sorry!”

47. Changes withIN/withOUT Europe
Fascism
Inevitable progress based on reason, science & technologygave way to cynicism, nihilism, dictatorship, official racism, class warfare
Europe no longer the center of the world

48. Peacemakers Obstacles Compromise difficult Nationalism
Limited secret sessions
Public opinion
Wilson’s idealism
Compromise difficult
Nationalism
Redraw map of Europe? How?

49. World turmoil Fear of the spread of Bolshevism
Bavaria
Hungary
Fear of Germany (France)

50. A mixture of idealism & cynicism
Treaty of Versailles
A mixture of idealism & cynicism

51. BIG 4 Treaty of Versailles Woodrow Wilson David Lloyd George
Georges Clemenceau
Vittorio Emanuele Orlando

52. Woodrow Wilson--USA Fourteen Points
…rights of nationalities to self-determination
Absolute value
Difficulties
League of Nations

53. Peace settlement (ToV)
5 treaties
“Open covenants openly arrived at”
Yeah, right!
Germany presented with treaty
Dictated--Non negotiated
Peace without victors
Excluded USSR & Germany
Wilson—forces of reality

54. Colonies? Colonial areasmandates Encouraged toward independence
Actually little advance made

55. Provisions of Treaty of Versailles
Germany
Reduction of force
100,000 men army
Navycoastal defense force only
No heavy weapons
Territorial concessions
$5 Billion payments to Allies (GB, Fr.) annually
Ensure France’s safety
US guarantee aid to France if attacked

56. Germany? Didn’t accept sole responsibility for war
Lost territories w/ natural resources
Were required to admit guilt
Forced to accept total treaty
Social Democrats & Catholic Center Party formed new government—representatives accepted Treaty
Weimar Republic (govt. until 1933)

57. Provisions of Treaty of Versailles
Austria-Hungary disappeared
5 states
Austria
Hungary
Czechoslovakia (Slovaks, Czechs, Ruthenians)
Yugoslavia (Serbs, Croats, Slovenes)
Romania

58. Impact of Peace Weimar Republic blamed for terms of Treaty
France wants security from Germany & Rhineland
Germany shamed & overburdened
Britain & USA isolationist
Eastern Europe is economic & nationalist mess

59. It was not a peace without victors
It was not a peace without victors. It did not put an end to imperialism, but attempted to promote the national interests of the winning nations. It violated the principles of national self-determination by leaving significant pockets of minorities outside the borders of their national homelands. KOT 925

60. Greatest weakness of the peace was its failure to accept reality
Greatest weakness of the peace was its failure to accept reality. Germany & USSR must play an important part in European affairs—yet were excluded from the settlement & the League of Nations. (KOT 925)

61. The tragedy of the Treaty of Versailles was that it was neither conciliatory enough to remove the desire for change, even at the cost of war, nor harsh enough to make another war impossible. KOT 926