1. Europe’s Transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance

3. Europe Today

4. What were the Middle, or Dark Ages?
A period of European history between
the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D.
and the Renaissance which began in the 1400s.

5. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: – 1250
Late Middle Ages:

6. Life in the High Middle Ages
(1000 – 1250)

7. Food, Shelter & Protection
Life in the Middle Ages
Manoralism =
Economic System
King
Lords
(Vassals)
Knights
Peasants
(Serfs)
Feudalism =
Political System
Fief & Peasants
Loyalty & Military Aid
Food & Shelter
Military Service
Food, Shelter & Protection
Farm Labor & Rent

9. The Medieval Manor

10. Life on the Medieval Manor
Serfs at work

11. To what extent were climate and disease key factors in producing economic and social changes?

12. PERSIA!!
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
RELIGIOUS
SOCIAL
INTELLECTUAL
ARTISTIC

14. Illustration of 1358 Jacquerie Peasant Rebellion in northern France

15. Pieter Bruegel’s
The Triumph of Death

16. The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)

17. The Hundred Years War How did the war contribute to the end of feudalism in France?
Soldiers earned wealth from pillaging…returned home with new attitudes
Countryside destroyed so large number of serfs migrated to the cities
Monarchs built huge armies with the taxes they collected, which reduced the power of nobles.
People became more patriotic, more devoted to the monarch than their feudal lord… beginning of national identities!

18. The Hundred Years War (1337 – 1453) France becomes larger!
France in 1453
France in 1337

19. Analyze the shift in the prevailing religious culture by the end of the Middle Ages.

20. The Role of the Church in the Middle Ages
Only one Christian church…
The Catholic Church +
Church has own laws, land (1/3rd of all
land in Western Europe) , and taxes
(filled the power vacuum left from the
collapse of the classical world)
People who disagreed with church
law, or criticized the church were
called heretics and were often burned at
the stake =
The Catholic Church is a very
powerful institution!
September from Tres Riches Heures, early 1400s

21. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

22. A Medieval Monk’s Day

23. Medieval Universities

24. Oxford University

25. Christian Crusades: East and West

26. The Power of the Church vs. the Power of the State Vs.
Pope Boniface
VIII
French King
Philip IV
Unam Sanctum

27. Decline of the Church Boniface VIII and conflict with State,
Unam Sanctum, Bull issued that placed spiritual above the temporal. Excommunicated King Philip IV of France.
The Papacy at Avignon ( )
Initiated by Pope Clement V
Church administration improved
Brought doubt to power of Church
Great Schism – 2 popes as head of 1 church
Papacy returned to Rome, 1378
Pope Urban VI, = Italian/English Support
Pope Clement VII, = French Support

28. The Great Schism (1378 – 1417) 1305 Pope Clement V
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
1305
Pope
Clement V

29. The Great Schism (1378 – 1417) 1377 Pope Gregory XI Catherine of Siena
©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Pope
Gregory XI
Catherine of
Siena
1377

30. The Great Schism (1378 – 1417)

31. New Thoughts on Church and State and the Rise of Conciliarism
Marsiglio of Padua (1270?-1342)
Defender of the Peace
Denied temporal authority is subject to spiritual authority. Greatest long term importance.
Conciliarism – a general council should decide how to end Schism and who should lead.

32. Popular Religion in an Age of Adversity
Performance of Good Works – ways to deal with Black Plague and 100 Years War.
Mysticism and Lay Piety
Meister Eckhart - Union of the soul and God (basics of what Mysticism is)
Gerard Groote - Modern Devotion – imitate Jesus
Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life
Female mystics – Catherine of Siena
William of Occam - Nominalism
Only objects perceived by the senses are real
Faith not reason

33. Trade and Commerce: Change the Foundations of Town Life
Towns were centers for trade and shipping
Luxury goods such as silk, spices, ivory and porcelain could be bought in towns
Guilds (associations of people in the same trade or craft) dominated social and civic life of towns
Guilds reflected importance of Christianity in towns
Contributed to building of Cathedrals
Adopted patron saints and sponsored parades in their honor

34. Trade and Commerce Change Town Life Town Life During the Middle Ages
Towns were small because society was based on agriculture and most people lived in the country side
Nobles had most of the power
Lords owned the land where most towns were located
Towns needed protection from the knights that lords could provide
Status was determined by birthright

35. Family Life and Gender Roles
Urban Advances
Family Life and Gender Roles
Rise of Nuclear Family
Repression of Women
Care and Education of Children
Advances in Medicine
Medical Schools
Physicians – surgeons & barbers
Public Health & Sanitation
Inventions and New Patterns
Mechanical Clock
Eyeglasses – reading & paper
Gunpowder – war & defense
Use of the Vernacular
Chaucer, Petrarch, Pizan, Bocaccio

37. Decline of Feudalism
Black Death killed one third of Europe's population
2. Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom
3. Hundred Years War allowed monarchs to build huge armies and reduce power of lords
People moved to cities to earn better wages
5. Status began to be determined by wealth and ability, not birthright

39. 1377:
Pope Gregory XI
returns papacy
to Rome
1431:
Joan of Arc
burned at the stake
1351:
End of 1st major
plague outbreak
1305:
Avignon Papacy begins
1381:
English
Peasants’
Revolt
1417:
Great
Schism
ends
1337:
Hundred
Years’ War
begins
1429:
Battle of
Orleans
1358:
Jacquerie
(peasant
revolt)
in France
1315 – 1317:
Great Famine
1378:
Great Schism
begins
1453:
Hundred Years’
War
ends
1347:
Black Death
reaches Europe
1415:
Battle of
Agincourt

40. The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

41. The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language
Roman Catholic Church
City Planning
Romanesque Architectural Style
Roman Engineering
Aqueducts
Sewage systems
Dams
Cement
Arch

42. Roman Roads: The Appian Way

43. Imperial Roman Road System

44. Roman Aqueducts

45. Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

46. Europe in the 6th Century

47. A Medieval Castle in
Carcassonne, France

48. Parts of a Medieval Castle

49. The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE

50. Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

51. William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

52. Evolution of England’s Political System
Magna Carta, 1215
King John I
(r – 1216)
Runnymeade
“Great Charter”
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.

53. The Beginnings of the British Parliament
Great Council:
middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.
eventually called Parliament.
by 1400, two chambers evolved:
House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

54. Medieval Trade

55. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices

56. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

57. The Crises of the Late Middle Ages
(1250 – Approx. 1500)

58. The Black Death What was the Black Death ?
Deadly plague that spread across Europe from – 1352
Caused by a form of bacteria
Appeared in three forms:
Pneumonic: attacked the lungs
Septicemic: appeared in the bloodstream
Bubonic: caused buboes on the body

59. Septicemia Form: almost 100% mortality rate.
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemia Form: almost 100% mortality rate.

60. The Black Death How did the Black Death spread throughout Europe?
Originated in Mongolia and spread to Black Sea along Silk Road
Bacteria carried by fleas who lived on black rats
Italian merchant ships brought rats to Europe along with trade goods
First appeared in Sicily and eventually spread

61. The Disease Cycle Human is infected!
Flea drinks rat blood that carries the bacteria.
Bacteria
multiply in
flea’s gut.
Human is infected!
Flea bites human and regurgitates blood into human wound.
Flea’s gut clogged with bacteria.

62. The Black Death Why couldn’t people stop the spread of the Black Death?
People were ignorant about its cause; they blamed the stars, God’s anger, and the Jews
They tried ineffective cures such as pomanders, flagellation, and repentance of sins.

63. The Black Death How did the Black Death change life in Europe?
Killed one third of the population
Forced farmers to diversify their crops
Peasants revolted and demanded more freedom
Working class moved to cities to earn better wages
Reduced the power of the feudal lords

64. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) What were the causes?
Question of French Succession
French king Charles IV died in with no male heir
Two men attempted to claim the vacant throne:
Edward III of England, nephew of Charles IV
Philip of Valois, regent of France
after the death of Charles IV
French nobles preferred Philip
to the foreigner

65. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) What were the causes?
French Land Belonging to British Kings
A longer standing issue was the status of lands within France that belonged to English kings.
Gascony, Brittany & Aquitaine

66. The ‘dagger’ pointing at the ‘heart’ of England!
The Hundred Years War ( )
What were the causes?
Conflict Over Flanders (parts of Belgium, SW
Netherlands, NE France)
The ‘dagger’ pointing at the ‘heart’ of England!
Wool industry.
Flanders wants its independence from French control.
Asks England for help.

67. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) What were the causes?
French Struggle for National Identity
France was NOT a united country before the war began.
The French king only controlled about half of the country.

68. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
Phase 1
- Early British Victories
Phase 2
- Guerilla warfare by French king French king captured & ransomed
- Treaty of Bretigny
Phase 3
- English dominance
- French rally & eventually win
**Joan of Arc & Orleans

69. The Hundred Years War How did the nature of warfare change?
Longbows eliminated advantages of armor (Could pierce an inch of wood or the armor of a knight at 200 yards!)
Cannons could be used to blast holes in castles
Monarchs used armies recruited from common people
Pikes

70. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) King Henry V (ruled 1412 – 1422)
Renewed his family’s claim to the French throne.
At Agincourt in 1415, the English, led by Henry himself, baited a larger French army into attacking a fortified English position.
With the aid of the dukes of Burgundy, Henry gained control over Normandy, Paris, and much of northern France!

71. The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
Height of English Dominance

72. The Hundred Years War Who was Joan of Arc and how did she change the course of the war?
Young French peasant woman who was inspired by God to save France
Convinced Charles VII to let her lead an army against the English in 1429
Helped push the English armies out of central France
Was captured by the Burgundians (sided with British), accused of heresy, and burned at the stake in 1431; was sainted in 1922