1. UNIT 8 THE WORLD AT WAR
SSWH16 The student will demonstrate an understanding of long-term causes of World War I and its global impact.
a. Identify the causes of the war; include Balkan nationalism, entangling alliances, and militarism.
b. Describe conditions on the war front for soldiers; include the Battle of Verdun.
c. Explain the major decisions made in the Versailles Treaty; include German reparations and the mandate system that replaced Ottoman control.
d. Analyze the destabilization of Europe in the collapse of the great empires; include the Romanov and Hapsburg dynasties.

2. WORLD WAR I
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT WORLD WAR I?

3. WORLD WAR I

4. WORLD WAR I World War I (WWI) was a global war centred in Europe
1914 – 1918
AKA , Great War
involved all the world's great powers
two opposing alliances
1. the Allies (formerly the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia)
2. the Central Powers (formerly Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
These alliances were both reorganized and expanded as more nations entered the war: Italy, Japan and the United States joined the Allies, and the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria the Central Powers

5. CAUSE OF WORLD WAR I M A I N MILITARISM ALLIANCES IMPERIALISM
NATIONALISM

6. MILITARISM WHAT IS MILITARISM? BUILDING UP ALL PARTS OF MILITARY
COMPETITION BETWEEN GREAT POWERS

7. ALLIANCES ALLIED POWERS V. CENTRAL POWERS
UK, FR, RU V. GER, AU-HUN, BUL, OE
RECALL, ITALY SWITCHED SIDES

8. TRIPLE ENTENTE
LATER, ALLIED POWERS
UNITED KINGDOM, GB
FRANCE
RUSSIA (RUSSIAN EMPIRE)
SERBIA
JAPAN
UNITED STATES
ITALY
TRIPLE ALLIANCE
LATER, CENTRAL POWERS
GERMANY
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
ITALY
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
BULGARIA
(ALL EMPIRES, SOME EXCEPTIONS, ITALY SWITCHED PRIOR TO OUTBREAK OF WAR)

9. IMPERIALISM
GREAT POWERS SET UP COLONIES IN AFRICA AND ASIA FOR RESOURCES AND DOMINANCE.
WEALTH, DOMINANCE RESULTED IN LARGER MILITARIES
ALL THE “MAIN”S ARE CONNECTED.

10. NATIONALISM
LOYALITY TO ONE’S COUNTRY, NATION; DEVOTION TO HISTORY, CULTURE, LAND, ETHNICITY
BALKAN NATIONALISM

11. Geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe
Many linguistic families meet in the region, including the Slavic, Romance, Hellenic, Albanian, and Turkic language families
The main religion is Orthodox Christianity, followed by Catholic Christianity and Sunni Islam

12. Balkanization
describes the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or non-cooperative with each other

13. IMMEDIATE CAUSE:
ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND, HEIR TO THE THRONE OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
BY WHOM? GAVRILO PRINCIP, FROM SERBIA; HE WAS A SERBIAN TERRORIST AND MEMBER OF THE BLACK HAND
BLACK HAND SUPPORTED A “GREATER SERBIA” AND EXPANSION OF A LARGER SLAVIC STATE

14. THE BATTLE FRONT Trench warfare begins (1914–1915) STALEMATE!!!
Barbed wire was a significant hindrance to massed infantry advances
Artillery, vastly more lethal than in the 1870s, coupled with machine guns, made crossing open ground extremely difficult
The Germans were the first to use lethal poison gas on a large scale; it soon became used by both sides, though it never proved decisive in winning a battle. Its effects were brutal, causing slow and painful death, and poison gas became one of the most-feared and best-remembered horrors of the war
Commanders on both sides failed to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties. In time, however, technology began to produce new offensive weapons, such as the tank
The Battle of Verdun, 1916, one of the major battles during the First World War on the Western Front
French victory

15. According to contemporary estimates, Verdun resulted in 714,231 casualties, 377,231 on the French side and 337,000 on the German one, an average of 70,000 casualties for each of the ten months of the battle
It was the longest and one of the most devastating battles in the First World War and the history of warfare. Modern estimates increase the number of casualties to 976,000. In any case most of these casualties had been inflicted upon both sides by artillery rather than by small arms fire.

16. THE END OF THE WAR THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES
SETTLED BY THE “BIG 4” (IT, USA, FR, UK)
one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I
ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers
SIGNED 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

17. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties
PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
most important and controversial required Germany to accept responsibility for causing the war
SEE HANDOUTS FOR HIGHLIGHTS AND RESULTS OF TREATY

18. IMPORTANT PART OF TREATY OF VERSAILLES
MANDATE SYSTEM
mandate, an authorization granted by the League of Nations to a member nation to govern a former German or Turkish colony. The territory was called a mandated territory, or mandate

19. Following the defeat of Germany and Ottoman Turkey in World War I, their Asian and African possessions were distributed among the victorious Allied powers under the authority of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations
(League of Nations, an organization for international cooperation established at the initiative of the victorious Allied Powers at the end of World War I [LIKE THE UNITED NATIONS OF TODAY])

20. MANDATES THREE MANDATES
Class A- Consisted of the former Turkish provinces of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine, FOR GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE
Class B-Consisted of the former German-ruled African colonies, FOR GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND BELGIUM
Class C- consisted of various former German-held territories in Africa, south, and the Pacific, FOR SOUTH AFRICA, GREAT BRITAIN, NEW ZEALAND, AUSTRALIA, AND JAPAN

21. RESULTS OF WORLD WAR I SEE HANDOUT. IMPORTANT!!!!
1)FALL OF EMPIRES AND DYNASTIES
GERMAN EMPIRE (HOHENZOLLERN)
RUSSIAN EMPIRE (ROMANOV)
AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN (HAPSBURG)
2)INSTABILITY OF EUROPE
3)MAP OF EUROPE CHANGES