1. The study of Carbon and its compounds
Organic Chemistry
The study of Carbon and its compounds

2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY The study of compounds containing Carbon atoms.
Carbon has 4 valence electrons, always draw it with 4 covalent bonds around it.
When it forms all single bonds the shape of around the carbon is TETRAHEDRAL.

3. Properties Solubility Most nonpolar (like dissolves like)
Most compounds are insoluble in water
Soluble in non-polar solvents O H O

4. Properties Most are non-electrolytes Covalent, no conductivity
(an exception is organic acids)

5. Properties
Low Melting/ Boiling Points

6. Properties Rate of Reaction Slower than inorganic compounds
High activation energy

7. Properties C Bonding Nonpolar covalent
Carbon has 4 valance electrons- tetrahedron
Carbon can bond with itself indefinitely (in dif. shapes, many variations)
Always make 4 bonds C

8. HYDROCARBONS Compounds containing only C and H. 3 open chain families
ALKANES
ALKENES
ALKYNES

9. Homologous Series or families
Group of related compounds in which each member differs from the next by one carbon and 2 hydrogens

10. Alkanes Single-bonded hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon= only carbon and hydrogen atoms
IUPAC name Molecular Formula Generic Formula
methane CH4
ethane C2H6
propane C3H8
butane C4H10
pentane C5H12
hexane C6H CnH2n+2
heptane C7H16
octane C8H18
nonane C9H20
decane C10H22
As the molecular size and dispersion forces increase, the boiling point and freezing point increase

11. Table Q

13. Alkenes have one Double-bonded hydrocarbon Unsaturated
Same prefix as alkanes, with suffix -ene
Dienes contain TWO double bonds, and are not alkenes!

14. Alkynes one Triple-bonded hydrocarbon Unsaturated
Same prefix as alkanes, and alkenes, with suffix -yne

15. Saturated vs Unsaturated compounds
Single Bonds
Double/Triple Bonds

16. Cyclic Hydrocarbons Benzene 6 carbon atoms in a ring
Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Only structure really needs to be known for the regents.

17. How to draw and name different organic compounds?
ISOMERS

18. Isomers
Although these structures look different, they both have the same molecular formula of C4 H10
Compounds with:
the same molecular formulas
different structural formulas
C4 H10
Normal Butane
2-Methyl Propane

19. ISOMERS
Same molecular formula but different structural formula. Have different chemical and physical properties.

20. Alkyl Groups Have 1 less hydrogen (H) than the corresponding alkane
Ex:
Methyl CH3
1 less H than CH4
Ethyl C2H5
1 less H than C2H6
2-Methyl Propane
3-ethylpentane

21. Rules for naming organic compounds
For Straight or continuous chains: normal form n-alkanes.
For branched compounds:
1.Find the longest continuous chain and name the compound.
Branches are alkyl groups and end with –yl. 
2. The location of the alkyl group is determined by assigning numbers to the carbon atoms of the longest chain, beginning at the end that will give the lowest number to the carbon that contains the alkyl or special group.

22. Drawing Rules Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 It’s as easy as 1, 2, 3….
-ane, Alkane:
draw all single bonds
-ene, Alkene:
except draw a double on the number carbon that is present in the name
-yne, Alkyne:
except draw a triple bond on the number carbon that is present in the name
Make sure all carbons have 4 bonds

23. 1st Task: Draw Hexane CCCCCC Condensed Formula:
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
1st Task:
Hexane
-ane = only single bonds
Hexane
CCCCCC

24. 2nd Task: Draw 1-Pentene 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 -ane, Alkane:
-ane, Alkane:
draw all single bonds
-ene, Alkene:
except draw a double on the number carbon that the prefix shows
-yne, Alkyne:
except draw a triple bond on the number carbon that the prefix shows
2nd Task:
-ene, Alkene:
draw all single bonds
except draw a double on the number carbon that the prefix shows

25. 3rd Task: Draw 2-butyne -ane, Alkane: draw all single bonds
-ene, Alkene:
except draw a double on the number carbon that the prefix shows
-yne, Alkyne:
except draw a triple bond on the number carbon that the prefix shows
3rd Task:
-yne, Alkyne:
draw all single bonds
except draw a triple bond on the number carbon that the prefix shows

26. Draw: 2, 3-dimethylbutane

27. Practice Problems Why? General formula Structure Name
Using Table Q, what type of homologous structure is this and why?
Why?
General formula
Structure
Name

28. Objective : Functional groups .
How to distinguish them and what do they do to an organic compound?
Table R

29. Organic compounds and their functional groups
Table R
Organic compounds and their functional groups

31. Halides (Halocarbons)
A halide is formed when one or more halogen elements attach themselves to a chain of carbons atoms
Halogen include all the elements in group 17

32. H H H H C C C H H Naming Halocarbons
Halocarbons are usually formed from Alkenes
This is because the double bonds that are present break; leaving empty bonds on the carbons where the halogens are now able to form H H H H C C C H H
Double Bond

33. 1,2-DiFluoropropane H H H H C C C H H F F Naming Halocarbons
Every halogen has its own prefix to put at the beginning of its name
It is listed in Table R
When the bonds brake;the halogens fill the empty space
1,2-DiFluoropropane H H H H C C C H H F F

35. Alcohols
Contain 1 less Hydrogen and in its place there is an –OH group instead.
Even though alcohols have an –OH group, they are not a considered a base.
This is because there are covalent bonds holding the –OH to the carbons and bases don’t have covalent bonds present on the –OH.
When in solution, acids only release and H+ and bases release OH- H H H C C H H H O H

36. H H Ethanol H C C H O H H H Naming Alcohols
You start with Alkane. (In this case, Methane)
Take away one of the Hydrogen atoms.
Add an –OH group to the empty space
For the name; drop the –e at the end of the prefix (Methane) and add –ol to name the Alcohol! H H
Ethanol H C C H O H H H

38. Ether
In an ether, there is always an oxygen atom in between two carbons.
And there can be any number of carbons on each side of the oxygen. H H H H C C O C H H H

39. H H H H C C O C H Methyl Ethyl Ether H H H
Naming Ethers
Count the amount of carbons on the left side of the Oxygen first.
Count the number of carbons on the right side of the oxygen.
The carbons on the left make Methyl and the carbons on the right make Ethyl, then put Ether at the end. H H H H C C O C H
Methyl Ethyl Ether H H H

41. H H H O H C C C C H H H H Aldehyde
Aldehydes are known when there is one double bonded oxygen atom at the beginning or the end of a carbon chain. H H H O H C C C C H H H H

42. H H H O H H C C C H C H H H H Forming Aldehydes
Start with a carbon chain (butane).
Drop off two Hydrogen atoms.
Add a double bonded oxygen to the open carbon. H H H O H H C C C H C H H H H

43. Butanal H H H O H C C C C H H H H
Name It!
Four Carbons = butane
Since all aldehydes end in –al. Drop the –e and add –al to the end.
Butanal H H H O H C C C C H H H H

45. Ketone
Ketones can be identified by the oxygen double bonded to a carbon in the middle of a carbon chain. H H O H H C C C H C H H H

46. Butan one e H H O H H C C C H C H H H
Name a Ketone
We have a chain of carbons (4=butane)
If the double bonded oxygen is found in the middle of a carbon chain then it is a ketone and the –e must be dropped and add –one in its place
Butan
one e H H O H H C C C H C H H H

48. H H O H C C C H O H H Organic Acids!!!!!!
Contains a double bonded oxygen and an –OH to the last carbon in the chain
Called acids because H+ ions are released when dissolved in water
Since ions are present when dissolved, an electric current can be conducted through the water
Organic acids are electrolytes! H H O H C C C H O H H

49. Hexan oic Acid e O H H H H H H H C C C C C C H H O H H H H H H
Name the acid
Form the Acid
Start with the carbon chain
REMOVE: -e
Hexane
Drop off the three hydrogen atoms at the end of the chain
ADD: -oic Acid
Hexan
oic Acid e
Add a double bonded oxygen atom and an –OH group to the open carbon atom
AND THERE YOU HAVE IT!! O H H H H H H H C C C C C C H H O H H H H H H

51. H H H O H H C C C C O C H H H H H Ester
And Esters smell goood!!
Esters have two oxygen atoms present
One is connected by double bonds to a carbon atom
The other is connected by single bonds but to two carbon atoms
An ester is formed from the reaction of an acid and an alcohol. H H H O H H C C C C O C H H H H H

52. Meth yl Butan oate H H H O H H C C C C O C H H H H H
-count the number of carbons on the side that is only touching one carbon.
Title it!
-Add –yl as the suffix.
Meth yl
Butan
oate
-Now count the number of carbons in the chain attached to the two oxygen atoms.
-All that’s left if to add –oate to the end H H H O H H C C C C O C H H H H H

54. N H H H H H H C C C C N H H H H H Amine Amines contain a nitrogen atom
the nitrogen atom is found at the end of a carbon chain; attached to one carbon as well as two hydrogen. H H H H H H C C C C N H H H H H

55. Naming the Amine is easy
There are only two steps involved!
Count the hydrocarbons
Drop the –e and add –amine
Butan
amine e H H H H H H C C C C N H H H H H

57. H H H O H H C C C C N H H H H Amide
Amides also contains a Nitrogen atom but attached to the same carbon is a double bonded oxygen. H H H O H H C C C C N H H H H

58. Butan amide e H H H O H H C C C C N H H H H
How do I name it??
Amides are just the same as naming the amines except instead of adding –amine, you are adding –amide.
Butan
amide e H H H O H H C C C C N H H H H

59. Amino Acids

60. H H H O H C C C C H O H H N H H Amino Acids…
Contains both an amine and an organic acid
Organic Acid H H H O H C C C C H O H H N H H
Amine

61. Where are the Amino Acids??
It Must Be Memorized!!!
Hmmmm…….
Where are the Amino Acids??

62. NOTE: All the example on how the groups are named are shown on table R in the far right column.
Note: The formulas on how each group is drawn is shown in the formula column.

63. OBJECTIVE: ORGANIC REACTIONS

64. Organic Reactions

65. 1.Combustion TABLE I the first 6 rx are combustions
Burning (reaction with oxygen)
Hydrocarbons burn to form carbon dioxide and water
Organic (hydrocarbon) + O CO2 +H20
heat
In a limited supply of oxygen, C and CO are formed
Test to show if there is Carbon Dioxide: Limewater (colorless) turns a milky white color with Carbon dioxide

66. 2. Substitution
Replacement of one or more hydrogens in a saturated hydrocarbon by an halogen.
Alkane + halogen(X2) halocarbon + HX(g)
+ F2
+ HF F

67. 3.Addition
Adding one or more atoms at a double/ triple bond . Could be Hydrogenation (add H)
Or Halogenation (add halogens)
For alkenes and alkynes!
+ F2
F F H H

68. 4.Esterification Acid and alcohol produce ester and water
Fats are Esters dervied from glycerol (a trihydroxy alcohol- has 3 OH groups) and long fatty acids

69. Glycerol
Fats are Esters derived from glycerol (a trihydroxy alcohol- has 3 OH groups) and long fatty acids

70. Fat + Strong Base Soap + Glycerol
5.Saponification
(hydrolysis) Ester breaks up into Acid and Alcohol (reverse of esterification)
Produces soap
Fat + Strong Base Soap + Glycerol

71. 6.Fermentation C6H12O6 -------------> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
Zymase (enzyme)
Glucose Ethanol Carbon Dioxide

72. 7 POLYMERIZATION
Polymers are made of chains of smaller units called MONOMERS
NATURAL POLYMERS
Protein, starches, cellulose
SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
Nylon, rayon, polyethylene

73. 7.Polymerization
Small molecules join together to form bigger molecules (monomers to polymer)
amino acid + amino acid + amino acid protein
monomer + monomer + monomer polymer

74. Polymerization 2 Types: Condensation Polymerization:
Dehydration synthesis, occur when water is remove from primary alcohols. Have ether or ether linkages.
Make water and polymer
Natural
Protein (DNA)
Starch
cellulose
Artificial
Nylon
Polyester
silicone

75. n n Addition Polymerization
Monomers join together by breaking a double/triple bond n n
number of ethene join together number of polyethylene

76. Finding missing reactants and products in Organic Reactions
# of atoms on the left side of the arrow must equal # on the right
After the elements/compounds are correctly written, change the coefficient
Ex:
C2H6 + Cl C2H5Cl + ______
HCl

77. Practice Regents Questions
Go online to regentsprep.org!