1. Unit 2- Minerals, Rocks, Soils and Weathering

2. Feb. 18,2014
What are four of the five questions to ask if you are trying to determine if you have a mineral?

3. For our bodies, to build our homes, roads, tools,
phones, televisions,_______________, and much more.
COMPUTERS

4. Glass is made from ___ minerals
Minerals make-up many practical parts of our lives
Glass is made from ___ minerals 6
Silica
Limestone
Magnesium
Boric acid
Soda
_____________
40 billion glass containers/year in USA
35 % are recycled
ALUMINUM

5. Gold in North Carolina
Gold has been an important part of North Carolina’s history since _______, the date of the first discovery of gold in the United States. 
North Carolina was the nation’s ________ gold-producing state from 1803 until 1828, and continued as a leading producer until 1848 when gold was discovered in California.
1799
ONLY

6. Salt
Early people collected salt before they understood how important the mineral is for ____________
Mediterranean-salt cakes were used as ___________
Greeks traded salt for slaves
England flourished when fuel for boiling brine changed from wood to ______, brine was used for food preservation.
SURVIVAL
MONEY
COAL

7. Minerals are mined for our use

8. Other than Gold some minerals were of ________________ importance; for example, feldspar, zircon, and magnetite.
Gemstones were found, notably the gem varieties of corundum—ruby and sapphire and _____________, the gem variety of beryl.
By 1875, 140 minerals had been identified as occurring in North Carolina. In an early State Geological Survey report was accompanied by the statement: “…a variety of highly interesting and commercially important minerals and ores, which is ____________ than that of any other State in the Union [is found in North Carolina].”
INDUSTRIAL
EMERALD
GREATER

9. What is a Mineral?
A mineral is a naturally formed, inorganic ________ that has a definite crystalline structure.
SOLID
Quartz
Geode

10. 5 questions can be answered.
It is a mineral if:
5 questions can be answered.
Is it nonliving material?
Is it a solid?
Is it formed in _________?
Does it have a crystalline structure?
Can you write a chemical formula for it?
NATURE

11. Mineral Structure Minerals are made up of ____________.
There are 92 naturally occurring
elements.
All minerals contain 1 or more
Elements are pure substances
that can not be _______down into simpler substances.
ELEMENTS
BROKEN

12. Atoms Elements are made up of only ______ kind of atom.
An atom is the _____________ part of an element that has all the properties of that element.
ONE
SMALLEST

13. Compounds Chlorine atoms Sodium atoms
A compound is a substance made of ______ or more elements that have been chemically joined or bonded.
Ex: Halite (NaCl) common table salt
TWO
Chlorine atoms
Sodium atoms

14. Atomic structure determines the minerals characteristics
Atomic structure determines the minerals characteristics. Salt or halite always has a cubic form and tastes salty.

15. Cations and Anions The one electron on the outer shell is given up
This leaves the sodium atom with more protons, +1
The one electron is added to Chlorines outer shell
This leaves the chlorine atom with one more electron, -1
cation
anion

16. Native Elements
Minerals that are composed of only one element are called a _________ elements. Can you think of others?
The atomic
structure of
Gold. Only Gold
(Au) atoms.
The crystal
structure of
Gold.
NATIVE
Crystals of
The mineral
Gold.

17. Two Groups of Minerals
Minerals are classified based on their ___________ compositions. These groups are the:
Silicates
Nonsilicates
CHEMICAL

18. Silicate Minerals
The two most common elements of the earth’s crust are __________ and oxygen
Silicate minerals have these 2 elements (Si) and (O)
______% of the Earth’s crust are made from silicate minerals
Si and O combine with other minerals such as Al, Fe, Mg, and K to make other silicate minerals
SILICON 90

19. Mineral Group Characteristics Examples
Silicates
Contain oxygen & silica
The most abundant group of minerals
Quartz, mica
MICA
Quartz

20. Mineral Group Characteristics Examples
Non-Silicates
Make up only 5% of the Earth’s crust
Include some of the most important minerals
iron, copper, gold, silver, diamonds, rubies
Silver
Copper
Diamond
Gold
Iron
Ruby
Iron

22. What is the difference between a mineral and a rock?
Minerals are homogeneous, naturally occurring, inorganic solids. Each mineral has a ______________ chemical composition and a characteristic crystalline structure. A mineral may be a single element such as copper (Cu) or gold (Au), or it may be a compound made up of a number of elements. About _________ different minerals have been described. Ex, NaCl, SiO2 Au, etc.
Rocks are made up of one or more minerals (heterogenous) a ____________.
DEFINITE
2,500
MIXTURE

23. Minerals are the building block of Rocks
mica
Granite: individual minerals make-up the rock and the rocks make up the Mountains.

24. Mineral Formation Cooling of magma: crystallization Evaporation: salt
Hydrothermal
MINERAL CLASSIFICATION  BASED ON ORIGIN
igneous minerals = form by cooling of _________ rock ("crystallization")
sedimentary minerals = low-temp. precipitation or  chemical alteration
metamorphic minerals = chemical alteration at Hi-Pressure/Temp.
MOLTEN