1. Genetics
Objective:
Monday, October 29th

2. Genetic Counselor

3. Branch of biology that studies heredity
Biological inheritance -passing things on from one generation to the next
GENETIcS
Branch of biology that studies heredity

4. Gregor Mendel Austrian monk and scientist
Identified principles of genetics by studying pea plants
Picked peas because of 7 observable traits, traits appeared and disappeared, small and grow easily and can self pollinate.
Gregor Mendel

6. Mendel’s Experimental Design
Started with pure parents of varieties (ex. Purple or white flowers) – P generation
Cross pollinated parents to get F1 generation
Self pollinated the offspring – F2 generation – Every time got a 3:1 ratio of the 2 varieties.

7. Many genes have different form ex
Many genes have different form ex. Tall or short pea plants Variants of a particular gene = Alleles
Alleles

8. DOMINANT TRAIT Recessive Trait
the trait that masks the recessive trait.
Recessive Trait
the trait that was not expressed in Mendel’s F1 generation.

9. Meiosis and The Laws of Heredity
Tuesday, October 30th

10. Gametes
Meiosis produces haploid gametes (sex cells) Haploid means half of the genetic material to make a fertilized zygote (embryo) Diploid is a full double set of genes When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored (diploid).

11. Meiosis Similar to mitosis but sexual reproduction
Goes through same stages as mitosis but twice
Forms specialized sex cells called gametes
Two rounds of nuclear division
2 stages called meiosis I and meiosis II

15. LAWS OF HEREDITY
LAW OF SEGREGATION - members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed.

16. Law of Independent Assortment
pairs of alleles separate independent of each other during gamete formation.

18. THEORY OF HEREDITY
1. Parents do not transmit traits but genes that control traits.

19. 2. For each trait an individual has 2 genes; one from MOM and one from DAD.P p
HOMOZYGOUS - both have same info ex. PP (purple) or pp (white)
HETEROZYGOUS - both have different info ex. Pp

20. PHENOTYPE - physical appearance Ex. Purple flower
GENOTYPE - actual set of alleles PP or Pp or pp

21. The presence of an allele does not necessarily guarantee that it will be expressed.
In heterozygous
individuals only the
dominant allele
is expressed

22. Punnett Squares

23. What is a Punnett Square?
a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. Summary of every possible combination of one maternal allele with one paternal allele for each gene being studied

26. Dihybrid Cross
If 2 traits are coded for on different genes there will be 16 different possible outcomes

27. Dihybrid Cross

28. Meiosis / Genetics Mini Quiz
November 5th, 2012

29. 1. 4. 2. 3.

30. 5. Gregor __________________, the "father of genetics“ 6
5. Gregor __________________, the "father of genetics“ 6. The plants Mendel did his studies on: __________________ 7. The allele that is masked or covered up by the dominant allele: _______________________ 8. Square used to determine probability and results of cross: _______________________

31. 9. What are the possible genotypes?
10. Will the offspring resemble mother or father more? Why

32. LAWS OF HEREDITY
Law of ____________- members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed.
11.

33. 12. 13. ________ = Branch of biology that studies heredity
_________ = Biological inheritance -passing things on from one generation to the next
13.
________ = Branch of biology that studies heredity

34. Phenotype Alleles Homozygous Heterozygous 14. 17. 15. 16. 18.
Genotype
Homozygous
Heterozygous
14.
variants of a particular gene are referred to as ??
physical appearance
Ex. Purple flower
17.
15.
both have same info
ex. PP (purple) or pp (white)
16.
- both have different
info ex. Pp
18.
actual set of alleles
PP or Pp or pp

35. r R R r 19.Fill in the Punnett Square below
20. What is the genotypic ratio?
21. What is the phenotypic ratio? r R R r

36. Dihybrid Cross – 4 points
Rraa x RRAa
Figure out mom and dad gametes and then fill out the punnett square

37. Answers Heredity Genetics Anaphase Alleles Metaphase Homozygous
Heterozygous
Phenotype
Genotype
Punnett Square filled out
1:2:1
3:1
Work through as class on slide
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
Prophase
Mendell
Peas
Recessive
Punnett Bb
Father
Segregation

38. WHEN HEREDITY
FOLLOWS
DIFFERENT RULES

39. Incomplete Dominance X Pink Flower (RR’)
When the phenotype of the heterozygous individual is intermediate between the homozygous dominant and recessive individuals.
Ex. Red flower (RR) X
White flower (R’R’)
Pink Flower (RR’)

40. Codominance
When both traits appear equally in the heterozygous individual Ex. Blood types

41. Sex Determination
50% Chance for male or female

42. Sex Linked Traits
When Traits are located on the sex chromosomes (X and Y)
More traits are on the X than Y

45. Pedigree
Graphic representation of an individual’s family tree, which permits patterns of inheritance to be recognized.

46. EX. Mrs. Carollo’s Family Eye Color Trait = Brown Eyes
Female with trait
Female without trait
Male with trait
Male without trait

47. Karyotype organized profile of chromosomes in single cell
used to identify genetic disorders

48. Karyotype… how can I see it?
Cell stained
Take picture through microscope just before cell division
Chromosomes are easiest to see at this point.

49. Normal Female, 46, XX

50. Normal Male, 46 XY

51. Kleinfelter’s Syndrome, 47, XXY

52. Turner’s Syndrome, 45, XO

53. Down’s Syndrome, 47, Trisomy 21

54. Gene Technology and Agriculture November 9th
Video from desktop

55. Discussion Questions completed and discussed prior to, during, and after video
How would you define gene technology? What role can gene technology have on agriculture in our country? What are some examples of gene technology used in the video? Does ethics play a role in gene technology? In what ways? Does gene technology alter the nutritional value of health of a product?