“Squirt Gun Botany” Pesticides & Gardening Master Gardener Seminar

“Squirt Gun Botany” Pesticides & Gardening Master Gardener Seminar
Douglass E. Stevenson, Ph.D. Extension Associate Texas Cooperative Extension

Chatmandu’s Common Sense Plant Care Cures
Have a Weight-Loss Plan Avoid Overseasoning Wear Loose Clothing Drink Plenty of Liquids Don’t Drink Too Much Provide a Good Home Prevention is Better Than Cure Remember Your Roots Provide Room to Grow Nature and Nurture

Dr. Treevorkian’s Rules for Squirt Gun Botany:
If a little is good, then more is better. Spray for pay. One size fits all. Seen one label, seen ‘em all. There is something for everything.

Assisted Herb-icide Are you guilty of the seven deadly sins of iatrogenicide? Poor Plant Selection Planting Too Deep Overmulching Overwatering Overfertilizing Overmowing Second Degree Girdling

Nothing Controls Everything
Which one of these insecticides effectively controls all of the bugs commonly found in Ohio home landscapes: A. Carbaryl (e.g. Sevin) B. Malathion C. Chlorpyrifos (e.g. Dursban) D. None of the above.

Nothing Controls Everything
“A picture of a dead bug on the label does not mean that the product killed it.”

Some Problems Have No Controls.
“What do you sell your customers to control root rot of trees?”

“What pesticides do you sell for viral diseases?”

“What insecticides do you sell for shothole beetles on pine trees?”

Some Problems Have Iffy Controls.
“What sure-fire products do you sell for repelling rabbits and other rodents?”

The Label is History “Do not apply to American Elm, Flowering Crabapple, Sugar Maple, Red Maple, Cottonwood, Redbud and Weigela as foliage injury may occur.” - Ortho’s Orthene Systemic Insect Control

Do Not Apply Products in a Vacuum.
“Do not seed or sod for four months following application. The crabgrass barrier prevents grass seed from sprouting. - Scott’s Crabgrass Preventer Plus Lawn Fertilizer

Timing is Everything. When do fungal infections occur with these diseases? A. Black spot of roses. B. Cedar quince rust on hawthorn. C. Apple scab on crabapple. D. Diplodia (Sphaeropsis) tip blight of pine.

The Label is Only the Beginning.
Make sure diagnosis was correct. Share knowledge with peers in company training. Consult books and bulletins for their recommendations. Subscribe to the Buckeye Yard & Garden Line.

Look for Results Not Just Products
“Our greatest chance for long-term success is for pesticide users to be successful gardeners.” - Lisa Graf Graf Growers Inc.

Look for Results Not Just Products
Which is best? Fungicides to control apple scab on crabapple. Scab resistant crabapples.

T or F Fatty acid soaps are recommended to control certain insects.
Truth or Fiction: T or F Fatty acid soaps are recommended to control certain insects.

Insecticidal Soap Perspectives:
1. Fatty acid soaps can effectively suffocate insects. 2. Safer soaps and Ivory soap are fatty acid soaps. 3. One of the fatty acid soap isomers marketed by Safer is insecticidal, and labeled as such. 4. One of the fatty acid soap isomers marketed by Safer is herbicidal, and labeled as such. 5. Ivory soap is not labeled for use on plants.

Labeled insecticidal soaps are recommended to control certain insects.
Truth or Fiction: T or F Labeled insecticidal soaps are recommended to control certain insects.

T or F Sevin is a good miticide.
Truth or Fiction: T or F Sevin is a good miticide.

Truth or Fiction Facts:
A. There are many different types of mites. B. Sevin is ineffective in controlling spider mites. C. Sevin is effective in controlling certain eriophyid mites.

Sevin is a good miticide for eriophyid mites, but not spider mites.
Truth or Fiction: T or F Sevin is a good miticide for eriophyid mites, but not spider mites.

T or F Malathion is labeled as a miticide.
Truth or Fiction: T or F Malathion is labeled as a miticide.

T or F Malathion is an effective miticide.
Truth or Fiction: T or F Malathion is an effective miticide.

T or F Pruning paints should be applied after pruning cuts.
Truth or Fiction: T or F Pruning paints should be applied after pruning cuts.

A. OSU Extension once recommended paints to prevent insect invasion and decay. B. Current research: compartmentalization occurs best if oxygen is not excluded. C. OSU Extension currently does not recommend pruning paints.

Pruning paints will never again be recommended by OSU Extension.
Truth or Fiction T or F Pruning paints will never again be recommended by OSU Extension.

Truth or Fiction T or F Ortho Rose Pride Orthonex Insect and Disease Control “gives systemic protection for up to two weeks.” - Product label.

A. The acephate (orthene) insecticide in Orthonex has such system action. B. The fungicide (Triforine), though mildly systemic, does not. C. The label in fact says: “Controls insect pests and prevents insect reinfestation for up to two weeks. Also controls rose black spot, rust and powdery mildew.” (7-10 day intervals, used as protective)

T or F You should always read the entire label of a pesticide.
Truth or Fiction T or F You should always read the entire label of a pesticide.

T or F All ideas are equal.
Truth or Fiction T or F All ideas are equal.

Some quotes from USA Today, August 23, 1999
The Article: “Experts Muddy ‘Master Gardener,’ ” about ‘America’s Master Gardener, Jerry Baker.

“Most of the criticism has come from people with vested interests, who are the traditional experts.” - Alan Foster, VP for fundraising, PBS.

“The redwood trees grew just fine before we had garden centers and people with academic certificates. I can’t worry about the competition They do their thing and I do mine. I do it sincerely and I get hugs and kisses from people when I’m done.” - Jerry Baker

“Baker is a successful fundraiser and his appearances illustrate the network’s diversity.” - Alan Foster

“To kill suckers growing on trees, Baker recommends using ‘any good weed killer’ with dish soap, vinegar and gin. Although the last three ingredients are irrevelant, many herbicides, including the popular Roundup, could harm or even kill a tree, experts say.” - Dennis Couchon, USA Today

-Dennis Couchon, USA Today
“After pruning flowering trees, Baker recommends sealing the wounds with latex pain, antiseptic mouthwash and an insecticide such as Sevin or Dursban. Jim Chatfield, a landscape specialist with Ohio State says the use of such insecticides without regard to the type of tree or insect is irresponsible.” -Dennis Couchon, USA Today (Both of the last two examples came from a Jerry Baker gardening calendar and was cited in the original ‘Buckeye’ article in 1966.)

“The California Environmental Protection Agency wrote KVIE-TV, the PBS affiliate in Sacremento, a two-page letter in 1996 criticizing Baker’s advice to mix them (home-brewed pesticides) in bottles and cans usually used for food. ‘It is not only illegal under state and federal law to do this, it is also highly dangerous.’” - Dennis Couchon, USA Today

"A station affiliated with Ohio State should be using and airing good horticultural information, not the misinformation that Baker pours out," says Jane Martin, an extension agent in Franklin County, home of Ohio State. "Every time he's on, we get flooded with calls asking for Jerry Baker recipes, and we have to say, 'Well, that's not such a good idea.' " - USA Today

(Regarding Jerry Baker’s product line):
“…rather than the mix of beer, ammonia, baby shampoo or molasses recommended on TV as an ‘all-season green up tonic,’ his fertilizers contain the typical blends of nitrogen, phosphates and potash found at every garden center. . . The company’s top-selling item is Jerry Baker’s dog and cat repellent: ‘my unique formula’ as his catalogue describes it. Actually it’s methyl nonylketone, the same ingredient found in other dog repellents …the only difference is price.”- Dennis Couchon, USA Today

“There is no other door to knowledge than the door Nature opens; and there is no truth except the truths we discover in Nature.” - Luther Burbank

Ten-Step Program for Healthy Plants
Provide a good home Preventive medicine Remember your roots Provide room to grow Nature and nurture Avoid overseasoning Have a weight-loss plan Wear loose clothing Don’t drink too much Drink plenty of fluids

Provide a good home (Select the right plant for the site.)

Preventive medicine (Select trees with good genetic pest and disease resistance.)

Remember your roots (Do not raise or lower soil levels around trees when planting or doing construction around trees.)

Provide room to grow (Provide adequate room for future root development when planting.)

Nature and nurture (Plant in sites with proper soil pH and other soil characteristics for the species.)

Avoid overseasoning (Do not overfertilize; protect sensitive species from road salts.)

Have a weight-loss plan (Always prune with a purpose in mind.)

Wear loose clothing (Remove girdling wires, twines and rubber hoses.)

Don’t drink too much (Plant in well-drained soils; avoid overwatering

Drink plenty of fluids (Avoid underwatering.)

Which of the following are acid-loving plants?
A. River birch B. Pin oak C. Red maple D. Pachysandra E. Rhododendron and other ericaceous plants F. All of the above

“The true voyage of discovery lies not in finding new landscapes, but in having new eyes.” Marcel Proust

Choose the best pesticide.

Selecting a Pesticide Labeled for the pest
Produces desired level of control Minimal disruption to the environment

Phytotoxicity

Selecting a Pesticide Not phytotoxic
Compatible with plant management strategies “Friendly” to beneficials Acceptable to the public, customers Complex issue

Many pesticide choices.

Classifications of Pesticides
Classification Targeted Pest Insecticide Insects Acaricide Mites, ticks Miticide Mites Fungicide Fungi Bactericide Bacteria

Classifications of Pesticides
Classification Targeted Pest Herbicide Weeds Aquacide Aquatic weeds Molluscicide Snails and slugs Rodenticide Mice, rats, rodents

Signal Word Toxicity Categories Danger (I) Warning (II) Caution (III)
Caution (IV) “Danger” = most toxic

Select “caution” pesticides when possible and avoid RUP’s!

Pesticide Mode of Action
Broad spectrum Residual pesticide Protectant Systemic Contact

Pesticides are manufactured in many formulations.

PESTICIDE FORMULATIONS
Applying Pesticides Correctly-EPA Core Manual-Unit 3 (formulations)

Pesticide Formulations
Application method Risk when handling Risk of moving off target Advantages Disadvantages

Application equipment should reflect the target plant, pest, and pesticide formulation.

Some pesticides are formulated as injections.

Pesticides are usually formulated prior to use Consist of: Active ingredient Inert ingredient Make it safer, more effective, easier to measure, mix, apply, convenient to handle

Manufactured as technical grade then formulated Formulation is the form sold for use Sold as a brand name

LIQUID FORMULATIONS Consists of: EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES (EC or E)
Active ingredient (AI) insoluble in water Solvent Polar - usually poor (acetone & alcohols) Nonpolar - usually good (xylene & kerosene)

EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATES (Con't)
Emulsifiers Allow the formulation to be mixed with water to form an emulsion (oil in water) Each gallon of EC may contain 25 to 75% AI (2 to 8 lbs) Used under a wide range of conditions

Advantages Easy to handle, transport & store Little agitation required Not abrasive Will not plug screens or nozzles Little visible residue on treated surfaces

Disadvantages Easy to over or under dose May cause unwanted harm to plants Easily absorbed through skin Cause rubber & plastic to deteriorate Harm painted surfaces Flammable Corrosive

LIQUID FORMULATIONS SOLUTIONS
Dissolve readily in a liquid solvent such as water or petroleum-based solvent Will not settle out or separate Contain AI, solvent and one or more other ingredients Used in most sprayers, indoors or outdoors

SOLUTIONS (Con't) READY-TO-USE (RTU)
Contain correct amount of solvent No further dilution required Usually contain small amounts of AI (1% or less)

SOLUTIONS (Con't) CONCENTRATE SOLUTIONS (C or LC)
Concentrates that require dilution with solvent Solvent is occasionally water, more often it is petroleum-based Some uses of solutions Structural & institutional pest control Household pests Livestock & poultry pests Space sprays in barns and warehouses Tree pests Mosquito control

SOLUTIONS (Con't) CONCENTRATE SOLUTIONS (C or LC)
Advantages No agitation required Disadvantages Limited number of formulations available

LIQUID FORMULATIONS ULTRA-LOW-VOLUME (ULV)
Approach 100% AI Use as is or with small amounts of water (1/2 gal or less) Used mostly in outdoor applications Agricultural Forestry Ornamental Mosquito

ULTRA-LOW-VOLUME (ULV) (Con't)
Advantages Easy to handle, transport & store Little agitation required Not abrasive Will not clog screens or nozzles Little visible residue on treated surfaces Disadvantages High drift hazard Need special application equipment Solvents can deteriorate rubber and plastic

LIQUID FORMULATIONS FLOWABLES (F or L)
Are insoluble solids Finely ground AI mixed with a liquid plus inert ingredient to form a suspension Mixed with water for application

FLOWABLES (F or L) (Con't)
Advantages Seldom clog nozzles Easy to handle and apply Disadvantages Require moderate agitation May leave a visible residue May separate May cake in container or sprayer

LIQUID FORMULATIONS AEROSOLS (A)
Contain one or more AI and a solvent Usually contain a low percentage of AI Two types Ready-to-use Smoke or fog generators

AEROSOLS (A) (Con't) READY-TO-USE AEROSOLS
Small, self-contained units Release pesticide when nozzle valve is triggered Commercial models hold 5 to 10 lbs and are refillable

AEROSOLS (A) (Con't) READY-TO-USE AEROSOLS (Con't)
Advantages Ready to use Easily stored Convenient Long shelf life Disadvantages Limited uses Inhalation risk Container is under pressure Drift

AEROSOLS (A) (Con't) SMOKE OR FOG GENERATORS
Machines break the liquid into a fine mist or fog Use a rapidly whirling disk or heated surface Used mainly for insect control in: Greenhouses Warehouses Outdoor control of mosquitoes and biting flies

AEROSOLS (A) (Con't) SMOKE OR FOG GENERATORS
Advantages Easy to fill large, enclosed spaces with pesticide Pesticide is not under pressure Disadvantages Requires specialized equipment Drift May require respiratory protection when applying

LIQUID FORMULATIONS INVERT EMULSIONS
Water soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrier Form large droplets which reduce drift Used in vegetation control along rights-of-ways Require special equipment, expensive, reduced coverage

DRY FORMULATIONS DUSTS (D)
Most are ready-to-use Most contain low amounts of AI (0.5 to 10%) Also contain a very fine dry inert carrier (talc, chalk, clay etc.) Used to control pests: In ag applications On livestock and pets Seed treatment Flowers & vegetable gardens

DRY FORMULATIONS DUSTS (D) (con’t)
Advantages No mixing Can use where a spray may cause damage Use simple equipment Effective in hard-to-reach indoor areas Disadvantages Drift May irritate skin, eyes, nose, throat Poor adhesion to surfaces Poor distribution of particles on surfaces

DRY FORMULATIONS BAITS (B)
AI mixed with food or other pest attractant Pests killed by eating pesticide contaminated bait AI is usually low (<5%) Used inside to control: ants, roaches, flies, other insects, rodents Used outside to control: snails, slugs, insects, vertebrate pests

DRY FORMULATIONS BAITS (B) (con’t)
Advantages Ready to use Only need to treat small area Controls pests that move in and out of an area

DRY FORMULATIONS BAITS (B) (con’t)
Disadvantages May be attractive to pets and children May kill non-target animals Pest may not eat bait Dead pest may cause odor problems Secondary poisoning of non-target animals Can serve as pest food supply if AI becomes ineffective

DRY FORMULATIONS GRANULES (G)
Similar to dust formulations, larger & heavier Made from adsorptive materials Clay, corn cobs, walnut shells AI coats outside of granule or is absorbed AI is usually low (1 to 20%) Usually applied to soil to control weeds, nematodes, & insects

DRY FORMULATIONS GRANULES (G) (con’t)
Advantages Ready to use Low drift hazard Penetrate dense foliage Usually requires simple application equipment *Usually the safest formulation to handle

DRY FORMULATIONS GRANULES (G) (con’t)
Disadvantages Will not stick to target (may move with rain) May need to incorporate into soil May need moisture to activate May be hazardous to birds

DRY FORMULATIONS PELLETS (P or PS)
Similar to granular formulations All are same size and weight Some fumigants are pellets Aluminum phosphide

DRY FORMULATIONS WETTABLE POWDERS
(WP or W) Dry, finely ground look like dusts Usually mixed with water Applied as a spray 5 to 95% AI Do not dissolve in water Will settle out unless constant agitation is used

DRY FORMULATIONS WETTABLE POWDERS (con’t)
Advantages Easy to store, transport & handle Less phytotoxic than EC Less skin & eye absorption Less odor Method of applying insoluble pesticides as a spray

DRY FORMULATIONS WETTABLE POWDERS (con’t)
Disadvantages Inhalation hazard while mixing Requires constant agitation Often clog nozzles and screens Abrasive May be difficult to mix and measure May leave white deposit on surfaces

DRY FORMULATIONS SOLUBLE POWDERS (SP or WSP)
Look like WP Require initial agitation Dissolve easily Form a true solution in water AI ranges from 15 to 95% Have all advantages of WP Inhalation hazard while mixing

DRY FORMULATIONS WATER-DISPERSIBLE GRANULES (WDG) or DRY FLOWABLES (DF)
Are like WP AI is prepared as granule-sized particle Must be mixed with water Require constant agitation Same advantages & disadvantages as WP More easily measured & mixed than WP Cause less inhalation hazard than WP

OTHER FORMULATIONS MICROENCAPSULATED PESTICIDES (M)
May be liquid or dry surrounded by plastic coating Mixed with water & applied as a spray Capsule slowly releases pesticide Provides a timed release of pesticide

OTHER FORMULATIONS MICROENCAPSULATED PESTICIDES (M) (con’t)
Advantages Increased applicator safety Easy to mix, handle & apply Timed release Disadvantages Require constant agitation Bees take capsules back to hive

OTHER FORMULATIONS FUMIGANTS
Form poisonous gas when applied Some are liquid under pressure, change to gas when released Some are liquid & change to gas when exposed to air Some are solid & change to gas when exposed to water or high humidity

OTHER FORMULATIONS FUMIGANTS (con’t)
Advantages Toxic to wide range of pests Penetrate cracks, wood, soil, grain Single treatment kills most pests Disadvantages Site must be enclosed or covered Highly toxic Require special safety & application equipment

ADJUVANTS Added to formulations to increase effectiveness
Include: surfactants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, spreaders, stickers, penetrants, safeners, etc.

Application Equipment

Types of Spray Equipment
Hand sprayer Knapsack (LOK) Battery powered

Pesticide Application Equipment
Manual sprayers Compressed air sprayers Pressure drop off, settling, limited pressure & volume Backpack sprayers Wick applicators “Targeted” application

Power Sprayers Rotary (disk) nozzle sprayers Mist blowers Light weight, less water, drift?

Power Sprayers

Power Sprayers Small power sprayers Hydraulic sprayers Widely used for ornamentals, variable pressure, volume, drift?

Low pressure hydraulic
High pressure ULV Chemigation or injection

All Sprayers Should Be:
Durable Convenient to fill Convenient to operate Easy to clean

Pesticide Application Tree Injection Equipment
Injection and implantation Possible tree injury Cost Limited materials No drift Reduced injury to non-target organisms

To Enhance Safety and Benefits and to Get the Most From Any Sprayer:
Select the right equipment. Set it up correctly. Use proper operation procedures. Perform proper maintenance.

Reference Materials The pesticide label Spray equipment Extension guidelines

Three Basic Functions of a Sprayer:
Distribution Metering Storage and transport

Three Functions of a Nozzle
Metering Atomization Pattern dispersal

Flow Rate is Dependent On:
Nozzle size Pressure Fluid Characteristics

Components Tank - mostly plastic, size varies Pump - various
Filter - 50 or 100 mesh Nozzles - flat fan, cone, flood Regulator - regulate pressure

Tanks Fiberglass Stainless steel Galvanized steel Aluminum Polyethylene

Pumps Must Provide Gallons per minute (GPM) required by all nozzles
Tank agitation (6% of tank volume) Twenty percent (20%) reserve for wear

Backpack or Hand Pumping action from moving a flexible diaphragm
Fairly resistant, moderately priced

Roller Pump Widely used Cheap, effective, and flexible
Rolling action of rollers force liquid through outlet

Gear Pump Used on early sprayers Wear easily Cannot be repaired

Centrifugal Pump Good for abrasive materials Not self-priming
High capacity

Piston Pump Positive displacement Low output Expensive Good for WP

Nozzles Flat fan - herbicides Cone - insecticide, fungicide
Floods - herbicide, fertilizer Sizes - 01, 02, 03 or 3, 5, 10 Angles (fan) - 80, 110

Nozzle Materials Ceramic Hardened stainless steel Stainless steel Nylon Brass

Nozzles: Wear vs Cost

Flat fan Broadcast Tapered edges Must overlap

Even flat fan Rectangular pattern Banding Ex: 8002E

More Flat Fans Flat fan - extended range Twin flat fan - good for
dense foliage Flooding flat fan

Cones Circular pattern Smaller particles Good foliage penetration

Flood nozzles Fertilizer and herbicide Large droplet

Multi-pattern Hand-held Select pattern by turning nozzle body

Strainers Tank opening (16-20 mesh) In-line (20-50 mesh)
Nozzle screen (none mesh)

Hoses Correct size Flexible (non-collapsible if suction hose) Durable
Resistant (sunlight, oil, chemicals, abrasion, twisting) Sufficient Pressure Rating

ULV or Mist Blowers Use a fan or whirling disc Low volume
Save time and labor Calibration critical Concentrated pesticide

Spreaders Drop spreader Uniform pattern Low drift

Spreaders Centrifugal or rotary spreader Wider swath
Non-uniform pattern

Why Minimize Drift? To Avoid: Spotty pest control Wasted chemicals
Off-target damage Environmental impact Public concerns Problems in populated areas

Factors that Affect Droplet Size
Spray pressure Spray angle Nozzle type Orifice size

To enlarge droplet size:
Operate at lower end of recommended pressure range Use nozzles with larger orifice Use special nozzles to reduce the portion of small droplets

Environmental Conditions
Best conditions occur early or late in day: wind more likely in 3-to-10 mph range temperature is lower relative humidity is higher WARNING: watch for inversions

Maintenance Cleaning: hoses, nozzles, pumps, tanks, and hoppers
Clean with water and/or detergent Use soft brush on nozzles

Cleaning agents Insecticides/fungicides - powder detergent - agitate, flush and rinse Hormone herbicides (salt or amine) - ammonia or washing soda- agitate, flush, let stand overnight, flush and rinse Other herbicides - powder detergent - agitate, flush and rinse

Suggested Calibration Tools
Measuring tape(s) ft tape and yardstick A watch capable of measuring seconds - stopwatch works best Measuring container marked in ounces - one quart works for most applications

Ground Speed Linear relationship Doubling speed cuts rate in half
Cutting speed in half doubles rate

To Increase Rate: Slow down Use larger nozzle Increase pressure Decrease nozzle spacing

To Decrease Rate: Speed up Use smaller nozzle Decrease pressure Increase nozzle spacing

Spray Application Techniques
Select correct equipment Adjust nozzles, pressure, etc. Apply to where pests are located Obtain thorough coverage

Spray Application Tips
Do NOT spray into or with the wind Use larger droplets in windy conditions Thoroughly coat treatment area For tall trees: Use thin stream at top, changing to fan at bottom, apply from inside out, top to bottom Protect people, pets, wildlife, homes, etc.

Pesticide Record Keeping
Name of applicator Address of application Name and concentration of pesticide Amount of pesticide Target pest Method and rate of application Records

Pesticide Record Keeping
Keep records for at least one year on general use pesticide applications. Keep RUP records for three years. Check with MDA for current regulations.

The Pesticide Label

The Pesticide Label What You Need To Ask!
The right chemical for the job? Correct conditions for safe application? Will it control the target pest? Most all of the questions applicators need to have answered before they purchase a pesticide can be found on the product label. It is important before purchasing a product that it will control the pest problem that exists, can it be used with the application equipment the applicator has……

The Pesticide Label What You Need To Ask!
Do I have the proper protective equipment (PPE)? How much should I use? Is the proper protective equipment available to avoid unnecessary exposure. How much and how often can the pesticide be used?

Questions the label doesn’t answer directly...
What does all of this information really mean? Why should I really care? It’s a legal document Misuse could cause various problems There is a great deal of information on the pesticide label. To make sure that the right product is used and it is used safely, applicators should read and understand the pesticide label before they purchase the product and before it is applied. There are many reasons why applicators should pay attention to the information on the label. Labels are legal documents providing directions on how to mix, apply, store, and dispose of a pesticide product. The pesticide application is more likely to be successful in controlling the pests if the directions for use on the label are read and followed. When label instructions are followed, you are virtually assured that the possibilities of an accident are eliminated. The label is the main means available to the manufacturer to communicate information about the product to the user. In addition, misuse of pesticides can not only cause possible human health and environmental problems, but can also mean fines and worst case jail time….

Why should I really care?
The label is a legal document Applying a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with the label is illegal “I didn’t know it said that” not a good defense if you misuse a pesticide The label is a legal document and any use that goes against the label language is technically a federal offense. Not having a clear understanding of the information on the label is not a good excuse or a good defense if a violation occurs. And even if you don’t get caught, it is STILL illegal.

It is a violation of Federal law to use this pesticide in a manner inconsistent with its labeling.
The information in the box comes straight off a pesticide label. Pesticide labels are governed by the Environmental Protection Agency, which is why it is a federal offense if you use a pesticide in a manner inconsistent with the label. Although pesticide enforcement is the responsibility of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Inspectors, the ultimate enforcement is directed by a federal agency, the EPA. There is no such thing as a “typical” fine, it depends upon how severe the offense is, and can range from a very small fine to millions of dollars.

I’ve used this product for years…
Common excuses for not reading the label I’m an experienced applicator… I’m too busy… Common excuses for not reading the label. We all have them, and the PDA inspectors have probably heard them all… It is somewhat understandable that an applicator who has been using the same chemical for years thinks that they understand the label. However, I’ve used this product for years…

I’ve used this product for years…
Labels Change! I’ve used this product for years… Re-registration of products under the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) Because of the many changes that have been made under the EPA regulations, even the labels of products that have been on the market are changing in many ways. First it was the Worker Protection Standard in The most significant changes that this regulation brought to the label were the Restricted Entry Intervals (REI’s) that dictate when workers can go back into treated areas. To this day those REI’s are still changing on product labels. This legislation also dramatically changed, and improved., the information regarding Personal Protective Equipment that appears on labels. The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) continues to change the legal uses of many common pesticides that have been on the market for years. Lorsban/Dursban and Diazinon are two of the most significant. Although these products have been around for years, many crops and uses have been dropped from the label and in other cases it has become a restricted use product.

Problems caused by not reading and following the label
Crop loss Fish kills Near fatal exposures Fatal exposures Fire and explosions Although it may seem far fetched, everyone of these problems has happened in Pennsylvania as a result of someone not reading and following the label. Fortunately, the fatal exposure was not a human case, but rather a significant loss of cows. Not so fortunate, if you were one of those animals, or their owner.

Use Classification Statement
Two types of classification Restricted Use General Use Currently, pesticides are grouped into two classes Restricted use and General Use There have been, and are ongoing , serious discussion to further divide these classifications, especially in the area of general use and home owner products.

Use Classification Statement
Restricted Use: For sale to, and for use only by, certified applicators or applicators under the direct supervision of a certified applicator For sale to, and for use only by, certified applicators or applicators under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. This means that farm owner who is certified can purchase the pesticide and someone who is working for that owner, can do the application, even if they are not certified. It is still very important that the applicator be well trained. Pesticides are classified as restricted use because they have the potential to be a higher risk to either humans, wildlife, or the environment. If a pesticide is classified as restricted use this classification must be clearly stated on the front of the label. Pesticides, for example Atrazine and Lorsban, that have classified as general use for years, can be reclassified as restricted use if there is evidence of increased risk.

Front panel of labels shows how much product is in container
Net Contents Front panel of labels shows how much product is in container Liquid formulations may list the pounds of active ingredient per gallon of product Located on the front panel of the product, the Net Contents tells how much total product is in the container. This is listed as pounds or ounces for dry formulations, or gallons, quarts or pints for liquids. Liquid formulations may also list the pounds of active ingredient per gallon of the product.

Ingredient Statement Active Ingredients: Inert Ingredients:
The ingredient statement tells specifically what makes up the product. The ingredient statement is broken into two parts: The Active ingredient and The Inert ingredients

Ingredient Statement The ingredient statement often is located near the product name on the from of the label. The ingredient statement must account for 100% of the product contents.

Ingredient Statement Inert Ingredients
Listed as total percentage in the product Inert ingredients are those that are not actively controlling the pest. These ingredients my make the product easier to mix or apply, or they may make the product more effective, but alone they do not control the pest. Inert ingredients don’t need to be listed individually, but must be listed as their entire percentage of the product.

Ingredient Statement Active Ingredients
The part of the product that actually controls the pest(s) The Active ingredient is the part of the product that is actually killing or in some way controlling the pest.

Ingredient Statement Active Ingredient: Each active ingredient must
be listed by individual percentage Active Ingredient—The chemical(s) responsible for controlling the pest. Individually listed on the label by its common name and/or the chemical name and its percentage in the product.

Many active ingredients are given a common name
Only common names accepted by the EPA may be used on the label Many active ingredients are given a common name The industry, or applicators may commonly call a product by a certain name, but only common names accepted by the EPA may be used on the label

Active Ingredients Official common name is usually followed by the chemical name in the list of active ingredients Official common name is usually followed by the chemical name in the list of active ingredients . Common Name—A simpler name given by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to a chemical name for easier recognition. Chemical Name—The complex name identifying the chemical components and structure of a chemical.

Trade, Brand, or Product Names
Companies register trade names as a trademark The same active ingredient may be sold under different trade names Brand Name (Also known as trade or product name.) Different names are used by different manufacturers even though their products contain the same active ingredients. The brand name is an unique name used to advertise the product. Don’t confuse products by brand name alone. Many companies use the same basic name – sometimes with only minor variations – for entirely different products.

Be careful, some products with:
Trade or Brand Names Be careful, some products with: Different brand names may have the same active ingredients Example: Metsulfuron methyl is the active ingredient in: On the other hand, the same active ingredient is often sold under different trade or brand names, even by the same manufacturer. For example: The active ingredient Azoxystrobin is sold by same manufacturer under the brand names: Heritage, Abound and Quadris Cimarron Ally Escort

Does this mean that I can substitute these products for each other ?
Only if the label allows!

Does this mean that I can substitute these products for each other ?
Only if the label allows: Poison Hemlock in non-crop areas? Only Escort

Can I substitute these products for each other to control aquatic weeds ?
Same active ingredient: Glyphosate

Same active ingredient: ?? Glyphosate

Same active ingredient Glyphosate
Environmental Hazards: Do not apply directly to water, or areas where surface water is present, or intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not contaminate water when cleaning equipment or disposing of equipment wash water. Do not apply directly to water,

Trade, Brand, or Product Names
Brand Name can often include: The percent of active ingredient incorporated into the product name Type of pesticide The Brand name of the product may also include the percent of active ingredient as shown in this example. This product is 41% Glyphosate. The product formulation may also be included in the product name, for example Atrazine 4L indicates that there is 4 pounds of active ingredient in a gallon of LIQUID, whereas Atrazine 90DF indicates that it is a dry flowable formulation with 90% active ingredient. Product Type—Listed under the brand name, this indicates in general terms what the product will control Here are two examples: herbicide for the control of woody brush and weeds, or an insecticide for control of certain insects on fruits, nuts, and ornamentals.

The following pesticide applications are considered off label and therefore are illegal:
Applying above the highest dose rate Applying more frequently than the label allows Applying without using PPE Applying to a site that is not on the label The following pesticide applications are considered off label and therefore are illegal: Applying above the highest dose rate You can apply less Applying more frequently than the label allows You can apply less frequently Applying without using PPE Applying to a site that is not on the label Even if you know it will control the pest, if the crop or site is not listed on the label it is illegal to use the product.

The word on the label that tells the potential hazards of the product
Signal Words The word on the label that tells the potential hazards of the product Danger Poison w/ skull & Crossbones Danger Warning Caution The word on the label that tells the potential hazards of the product

Signal Words DANGER-POISON with a skull and crossbones symbol
Peligro (Spanish for “danger” must also appear on the label) Indicates the product is highly toxic by any route of entry Highly Toxic by any route of entry into the body. Peligro, the Spanish word for danger, must also appear on the label.

Signal Words DANGER Indicates that the product has a high potential to irritate skin and eyes The presence of Danger as a signal word doesn’t tell the applicator anything about the toxicity of the pesticide, this signal word says that the product can cause severe eye damage or skin irritation.

Signal Words WARNING Product is moderately toxic
Can also cause slight eye or skin irritation Warning as a signal word means that the product is Moderately Toxic either orally, dermally, or through inhalation; and may causes moderate eye or skin irritation. Aviso, the Spanish word for warning, must also appear on the label.

Signal Words CAUTION Harmful if swallowed or inhaled
May irritate eyes, nose, throat, and skin A caution signal word tells the applicator that the product is Slightly Toxic either orally, dermally, or through inhalation; or may causes slight eye or skin irritation.

EPA Registration Number
If a product contains an active ingredient on EPA’s 25B list, no EPA registration number is required 25B list contains 31 active ingredients that are “non-toxic” i.e., Mint oil, dried blood, citronella If a product contains an active ingredient on EPA’s 25B list, no EPA registration number is required 25B list contains 31 active ingredients that are “non-toxic” i.e., Mint oil, dried blood, citronella

EPA Establishment Number
Tells where that product was made Important if it is ever necessary to recall the product Includes abbreviation of state of origin EPA Establishment Number—Identifies the facility that produced the product. Important if it is ever necessary to recall the product Includes abbreviation of state of origin

Emergency Number Contact number in the event of human exposure, spill, accident, or environmental exposure Companies all provide their own contact number in case of an emergency dealing with their product. This almost always includes access to a physician that has been trained to help treat potential exposures to the product.

Emergency Number New national poison center number
In addition, there is now a new NATIONAL poison center number. Although the existing numbers for Pennsylvania Poison Centers are still working numbers, calling this national number will also automatically route your call to Poison Center closest to where you are calling from.

Personal Protective Equipment
Tells applicators what Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) should be worn to minimize exposure Often different for different tasks

Precautionary Statements
Other precautions that should be followed when handling the product Common sense practices to minimize exposure to applicators, the environment and others who may come in contact with the treated area Other precautions that should be followed when handling the product Common sense practices to minimize exposure to applicators, the environment and others who may come in contact with the treated area

User Safety Recommendations:
Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco or using the toilet Users should remove clothing immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. Users should remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing. This is an example of precautionary from a label. Precautionary statements may also include cautions such as “Not for use or storage in and around the house, Do not allow children or domestic animals into the treated areas.

Chemical Hazards Combustible Highly corrosive Oxidizer
Do not store near heat or open flame. Highly corrosive Oxidizer This part of the label tells of any special fire, explosive or other hazards associated with the product. It may also include cautions regarding incompatibility of the product that may be a safety concern. For example, (next slide)

Chemical Hazards Incompatibilities
Do not mix, store, or apply this product or spray solutions of this product in galvanized steel or unlined steel (except stainless steel) Can anyone tell me what product may have this chemical hazard statement, it is one I am sure all of you have used at one time or another…. Answer: Any product the has Glyphosate as an active ingredient Touchdown Pro Roundup Pro Rodeo GlyphoMate 41 Accord

Storage and Disposal Storage: Store above 10OF (12oC) to keep product from crystallizing. Crystals will settle to the bottom. If allowed to crystallize, place in a warm room (68oF or 20oC) for several days to allow crystals to redissolve, then shake before using. Storage and disposal information is important to guarantee the continued effectiveness of the product. Many labels, like this one have specific instruction regarding temperature, and what to do if the product has been stored incorrectly.

Guidelines for use of the product What pests it will control
Directions for Use Guidelines for use of the product What pests it will control What crops it can be used on This section tells you what the pesticide product controls, where, how, and when to use the product. Make sure the product is labeled for use against the pest(s) that you are trying to control. Use only the amounts recommended and follow the directions exactly. How to properly use a product within its legal requirements to get the best results. The directions tell you: What pests the product is registered to control Where the product can be used (plants, animals, locations) How to apply the product How much product to use When the product should be applied How often to apply the product How soon the crop can be used or eaten after an application When people and animals can re-enter a treated area after application

Precautions and restrictions Mixing instructions Calibration
Directions for Use Annual Maximum Rate Precautions and restrictions Mixing instructions Calibration How to properly use a product within its legal requirements to get the best results. The directions tell you: What pests the product is registered to control Where the product can be used (plants, animals, locations) How to apply the product How much product to use When the product should be applied How often to apply the product How soon the crop can be used or eaten after an application When people and animals can re-enter a treated area after application can be found in the section marked Agricultural Use Requirements

Worker Protection Standards (WPS)
Within the Agricultural Use Requirements box you will find Restricted entry interval (REI) Early entry PPE requirements Worker notification The Agricultural Use Requirement section was added to the label under the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) Within the Agricultural Use Requirements box you will find Restricted entry interval (REI) Early entry PPE requirements Worker notification

Agricultural Use Requirements
Use this product in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part This standard contains requirements for the protection of agricultural workers on farms, forests, nurseries, and greenhouses, and handlers of agricultural pesticides. It contains requirements for training, decontamination, notification and emergency assistance. It also contains specific instructions and exceptions pertaining to the statements of this label about personal protective equipment and restricted entry interval. The requirements in this box only apply to uses of this product that are covered by the Worker Protection Standard. This first part of the Agricultural Use Section is the legal and governmentese that simply stated says that WPS requires that workers around treated areas and handlers of pesticides must be protected from potential exposure. They must be trained, there must be appropriate decontamination facilities, and emergency assistance must be provided if there is an exposure.

Agricultural Use Requirements
Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted-entry interval (REI) of 4 hours. PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated, such as plants, soil, or water, is: coveralls, chemical resistant gloves Category A, shoes plus socks. Notify workers of the application by warning them orally and by posting warning signs at entrances to treated areas. The second section of the Agricultural Use Statement tells how long that workers must stay out of treated areas, this is referred to as the Restricted Entry Interval (REI) This section also list the specific Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) that must be worn if a worker must return to the treated entry before the REI has expired. The PPE requirements listed in this section may be different than the PPE requirements listed for normal applications. This section will also tell the applicator what kind of notification is necessary (oral, written or both) to alert workers about the treated area.

Review Trade Name Sometimes the amount of information on the label can be over whelming, Let’s do a quick review The trade name is an unique name used to advertise the product. (Also known as brand or product name.)

Review Ingredient Statement
Tells what is in the product and list each active ingredient individually and the percentage of the product that it makes up.

Review WPS Worker Protection Standard information is listed for workers and handlers. Most importantly this area tells the amount of time that must pass between the application and when workers can go back into the treated area. In addition it lists what Personal Protective Equipment must be worn if early entry is necessary.

Review EPA Reg. and Est. No.
The EPA registration number indicates that EPA has the product has met all of EPA’s testing requirements and it has been approved for sale The EPA Establishment number tells where the product was packaged

Review Net contents tells how much is in the container Net Contents

Review Signal Word The word on the label that tells the potential hazards of the product

Review Emergency Info. Lists first aid procedures and emergency contact numbers for the product manufacturer

Review Storage and Disposal
Storage and Disposal—This section tells you how to best store the product and what to do with the unused portion of the product and the empty container. Always keep products in original containers and out of the reach of children, in a locked cabinet or locked garden shed. Do not contaminate food or food stuffs. To dispose of container, triple rinse containers, puncture, and dispose according to your local solid waste authority.

Pesticide Applications PROTECTING YOU AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Introdution slide, title slide.

I. Pesticide Mixing and Loading Sites
II. PPE - Personal Protective Equipment III. Pesticide Container Disposal Slide Show outline.

I. MIXING AND LOADING SITES
HAZARDS TO CONSIDER Water Contamination Drains Backflow Protection Mix on site These are the hazards that should be considered when selecting mixing and loading sites.

DO NOT Mix or Load Next To or Above:
Wells Creeks Ponds Water Sources (self explained)

Do not mix or load near creek, notice bridge in background.

Do not mix or load near drain that empties into water source.

KNOW WHERE THE DRAIN EMPTIES!
When Mixing, Loading, or Cleaning Pesticide Equipment Over or Near Drains: KNOW WHERE THE DRAIN EMPTIES! (self explained)

Do you know where the drain empties?

Drain empties into a small stream. Improper location.

Proper Mixing and Loading Area
Mixing and loading area that drains.... (go to next slide)

... into a proper location. This site is a target site away from water hazards

Use Backflow Protection
Air Gap Backflow Preventer It is important to use backflow protection to help protect the water source. Two types, airgap and backflow preventer.

II. PPE - Personal Protective Equipment
Need for PPE Knowing How to Use PPE Introduction slide to PPE.

PPE Protects You From Exposure When Working With Pesticides
TYPES OF EXPOSURE Inhalation Oral Dermal Ocular PPE protects you from exposure, they are inhalation, oral, dermal, ocular (eyes).

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Label specific May include: gloves boots or shoe covers coveralls hood or wide-brimmed hat apron protective eyewear respirator PPE consists of equipment used to protect the hands, body, respiratory system, feet, head and eyes. These come in the form of gloves, boots, coveralls, hats, aprons, protective eyewear and respirators.

Examples of PPE.

Review The Label For PPE Information
If Label Does Not Refer To PPE Use a Minimum of Protection Such As: Long Sleeve Shirt Long Pants Shoes and Socks Chemical Resistant Gloves Minimum PPE needed for pesticide application.

PPE on label. Always found under precautionary statement.

Label information on PPE for mixing and loading pesticides.

Applicator not using any PPE.

Applicator wearing proper PPE while mixing and loading.

Applicator wearing proper PPE.

Applicator wearing correct PPE. Supplied air respirator.

Applicator wearing proper PPE.

PROPER STORAGE AND MAINTENANCE OF PPE SHOULD INCLUDE
NEVER Store With Pesticides Respirator and Respirator Cartridges should be Stored Separately Clean Respirator after Each Use Clothes Used While Applying Pesticides Should be Washed Separately From Other Laundry (self explained)

Imprper storage of PPE. PPE should never be stored with pesticides.

Respirator body and cartridges should be stored separately.

Correct storage of respirator.

Respirator should be cleaned after each use.

III. Proper Pesticide Container Disposal
Dispose of Pesticide Containers In a Manner Which Will Not Contaminate Any Aspect of the Environment Pesticide Labels Have Specific Instructions on Proper Disposal Procedures Intro. slide, (self explain)

Improper disposal of pesticide containers.

It is unlawful to burn pesticide containers in NC.

Pesticide label information on storage and disposal.

Proper Disposal of Pesticide Containers Includes:
Triple Rinsing or Pressure Rinsing Offer for Recycling Where Available If Not…. Puncture and Place In Landfill Proper Disposal of Pesticide Containers Includes: Triple Rinsing or Pressure Rinsing Offer for Recycling Where Available If Not…. Puncture and Place In Landfill

Steps for Proper Triple Rinsing
Let Container Drain or Drip Into Spray Tank For At Least 30 Seconds Fill Container 1/3 Full of Water Replace Cap On Container and Rotate or Shake to Rinse ALL Sides Drain Rinse Mixture From Container Into Spray Tank Repeat Steps 2-4 Twice More Before Disposal of Pesticide Container (self explained)

Filling container for triple rinsing.

Pouring rinsate into spray tank.

Steps for Correct Pressure Rinsing
Let Container Drain or Drip Into Spray Tank For At Least 30 Seconds Insert Tip of P/N Through Side of Pesticide Container Near Base Spray Inside Container for 30 Seconds While Holding Over Tank Drain all Rinse Water from Container into Spray Tank (self explained)

Draining container into spray tank.

Inserting pressure rinse nozzle into pesticide container.

Draining rinsate into spray tank.

Offer For Recycling Offer pesticide containers for recycling.

Offer pesticide containers for recycling.

IF YOUR COUNTY DOES NOT OFFER PESTICIDE CONTAINER RECYCLING, CONSULT FEDERAL, STATE, OR LOCAL AUTHORITIES FOR APPROVED ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURES. (self explained)

“Squirt Gun Botany” Pesticides & Gardening Master Gardener Seminar

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“Squirt Gun Botany” Pesticides & Gardening Master Gardener Seminar

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