1. 8.1 Intro

2. 0 What is Unit 3? Begins at the end of the classical era
Ends around 1450 when European exploration begins
Can be called
Post-classical
Medieval
Middle (Eurocentric)
We call it “third-wave” civilizations
Islam is biggest
Byzantium takes Eastern Roman Empire
Huge dynasties in China
Aztecs and Incas in Americas
Catholic Church grows power in Western Europe

3. 1. While culturally unique, features among each of the new “third-wave civilizations” point to what distinct patterns of development?
States, cities, class and gender inequalities
Borrowed from established civilizations
Started after 500 CE pp

4. 1.A What is the most important common thread among third wave civilizations?
Tons of interaction with others
By trade
By military conflict
By cosmopolitan regions (miniglobalizations)
Large empires ruled by pastoral people who ruled agricultural people
Arabs, Mongols, Aztecs

5. 2. Why is Islam seen as the most influential of the new “third-wave civilizations?”
Included Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, most of Northern Africa, Spain.
Came closer than any had ever come to uniting all mankind under its ideals.
p. 326

6. 1B. Europe (Byzantine Empire/Holy Roman Empire)
The Roman Empire splits
Byzantine Empire - Eastern half of the Roman Empire that lived on
Stays really centralized, unified
Stays strong for 1000 years until Muslims take Constantinople in 1453
Renamed it Istanbul
Holy Roman Empire
Not holy, not Roman, not an empire
Decentralized
Becomes the feudal system (small kingdoms) (dippin’ dots)

7. 1C. China/India/West Africa
China - Sui, Tang, Song
Middle ages dynasties
Go back to Confucian traditions
India – stays decentralized
Keeps caste
Some Muslims take parts of India
West Africa – becomes Muslim
Islam really spread by trade

8. 1D. Western Hemisphere? Aztecs in Mexico
Inca in Peru (Andes, South America)
Both are very bureaucratic/elaborate

9. 3. Why were political systems important for trade?
State’s size and stability encouraged travelers and traders.
Wealth from taxes led to more power for the state.
First Rome and China made trade safe. (classical)
600s 700s - Byzantine, Tang and Abbasid made trade safe.
1200s – Mongols controlled almost all of the Silk Roads.
p. 328; 334

10. 3.A. What was trade like in third wave civilizations?
Indirect
Network across vast land
Changed things like
Consumption
Religious ideas
Crops and livestock availability
Made cultures less self-sufficient
Made traders a social group

11. 3B. What’s the deal with inner and outer Eurasia?
Outer – warm, good water and soil
China, India, Mediterranean
Inner – harsh, dry, pastoral
Eastern Russia, Central Asia

12. 4. What did large-scale empires and long-distance trade facilitate?
The spread of ideas, technologies, food crops, and germs far beyond their points of origin. Pp

13. 8.1 Quiz A
The civilizations that come during this unit have been referred to as _______-wave civilizations.
Name one of the two major civilizations that existed in the Western hemisphere during this time period.
On which continent was most of the Byzantine Empire?

14. 8.1 Quiz B
Which of the third-wave civilizations came the closest to unifying most of the world under one umbrella?
On which continent was most of the Byzantine Empire?
Name one of the two major civilizations that existed in the Western hemisphere during this time period.

15. 8.2 Silk Road/Disease

16. 5. What specifically did the following regions or peoples diffuse through trade?
China: the technology of manufacturing raw silk
India: crystallized sugar, the concept of zero, cotton textiles
Arabs: Islam
The Americas/Mesoamerica: corn
Eurasia and North Africa: disease—the plague
p. 329

17. 6. How were goods transported along the Silk Roads to sustain the networks of exchange among its diverse people?
Camel caravans
Through deserts and oases
Silk was used as currency in Asia
Symbol of high status
Not made in W. Europe until 1100s
p. 336

18. 7. Why did Han China extend its authority westward?
Wanted to control the Xiongnu (nomads) and get “heavenly horses” for their military.
Heavenly horses – well trained, easy to ride, some said they sweat blood
p. 336

19. 8. What made silk such a highly desired commodity across Eurasia?
Silk symbolized luxury.
China held a monopoly on silk-producing technology.
Cotton textiles from India was great in the Roman Empire as well
p. 337

20. 9. How did the impact of the long-distance trade of silk economically and socially affect the Chinese peasants?
Some stopped growing food crops and made silk, paper, porcelain and iron tools.
This is an example of long-distance trade trickling down to common farmers.
p. 338

21. 10. Why did Buddhism appeal to the merchants along the Silk Roads?
It was for all people, not just Brahmin and higher castes.
Merchants were lower to middle class at best.
In China, it was the religion of foreign traders and rulers.
p. 338

22. 11. In what way did Buddhism pick up elements of other cultures along the Silk Roads?
Monasteries became more secular.
Some monasteries became rich from wealthy merchants’ gifts.
Murals of parties and musicians
Shifted to Mahayana, which reflected influence from monotheistic religions.
Buddha became a god.
Idea of heaven.
Some statues of Buddha show Greek influences from Alexander’s conquests
Gods from other faiths were incorporated into Mahayana Buddhism. pp

23. Landowners lost money because demand for grain dropped. 340-341
12. After the spread of the Black Death to Europe, what were two economic consequences of the disease?
Less tenant farmers and urban workers could demand higher wages b/c there are less of them.
Landowners lost money because demand for grain dropped.

24. 12A Before the Black Plague, what other diseases were spread?
Unknown epidemic in 500BCE Athens from sea exploration
Han and Roman smallpox and measles
Increased importance of Christianity and Buddhism as compassion during times of suffering

25. 12B Teach me more about the Black Plague!
Thanks to the Mongols control of Eurasia, it spread.
May have been anthrax, the plague or a mix of goodness
1/3 of Europe killed (How’s that for westerncentrism?)
Similar toll in Muslim world and China
Gave Europeans a secret weapons when exploring in 1500s

26. 13. Why did the exchange of diseases give Europeans a certain advantage?
Exposure over time had provided them with some immunity to Eurasian diseases.
p. 341

28. 8.1 Quiz A
Which major city in the Byzantine Empire lost more than 10,000 people per day for forty days from the bubonic plague?
People outside of China wanted silk because it was ______________.
The spread of certain diseases throughout Europe gave them an advantage later on because they built built up a(n) ____________.

29. 8.1 Quiz B
Which Greek city-state was afflicted by a new disease that probably come by sea from Egypt?
The Silk Roads prospered most when large __________ provided protection for traders.
A lot of the trade in Eurasia was called “_________ trade” because goods were passed down the line, changing hands many times before reaching its final destination.

30. 8.3 Sea Roads

31. 14A How did sea trade begin?
Lots of trade on Mediterranean by 1000CE centered in Venice
Mediterranean linked Europe to Indian Ocean through rivers in Egypt
Ancient Indus writing may have influenced cuneiform from Mesopotamia
Egyptians and Phonecians traded on Red Sea

32. 14. How did the transportation operation of the Indian Ocean trading network differ from that of the Silk Roads?
Costs were lower than on land
Ships held more and heavier cargo
textiles, pepper, timber, rice, sugar, wheat
Led to shipment of bulk goods
Silk Roads were only for luxury goods
Sea Roads relied on monsoon wind currents.
India was center of the Sea Roads, but not the Silk Roads.

34. 15. Why did the tempo of Indian Ocean commerce pick up in the era of classical civilizations?
Sailors learned how to ride the monsoons.
p. 343

35. 16. What region became the center (fulcrum) of the Indian Ocean commercial network?
Had goods from east and west.
Lots of port cities.
Trading with Southeast Asia by 100CE and all around the Indian Ocean as far as Egypt. pp

36. 17. In what ways did China contribute to the growth of trade in the Indian Ocean between 500 and 1500 c.e.?
Tang and Song dynasties encouraged sea trade.
Big economy led China to send tons of products out for trade.
Larger ships and magnetic compass added to growth.
p. 344

37. 18. What other changes occurred during the flourishing of Indian Ocean commerce after the rise of Islam in the 7th century?
Arab Empire—Brought together many different cultures and economies into one political system. This made trade very easy for Arabs.
Middle East—Middle Eastern gold and silver went to southern India to purchase pepper, pearls, textiles, and gemstones.
Muslim merchants—Islam loved merchants. (Muhammad was a merchant) Muslim culture spread far and everyone was part of the same culture even if they were far apart.
Mesopotamia/East Africa—Using wasteland in Mesopotamia to cultivate sugar and dates brought thousands of slaves there from East Africa for plantations and salt mines in terrible conditions.
p. 344

38. 19. What was the importance of Srivijaya?
Malay Peninsula was choke-point between China and India trade.
One kingdom, Srivijaya charged taxes for ships to use the Straits of Malacca
Had spices, gold and resources to sell sailors
Gained much money, power and new military brought security to the area.
p. 345

39. 19A What other Southeast Asian places were influenced by trade?
Burma
Ankor Wat – huge Buddhist temple
First Hindu
Then Buddhist

40. 21. What were the economic and cultural roles of the Swahili civilization in the world of Indian Ocean trade?
Economically, cities took goods from African interior and exchanged them on the coast for foreign products like porcelain, silk and rugs
Major port cities on the coast
Culturally, many ruling families of Swahili cities claimed Arab or Persian descent to show prestige
Coast became Muslim, interior stayed African
Politically, they were competing city-states like Greece
Focused on trade and profit
p. 347

41. 8.3 Quiz A
This civilization was on the east coast of Africa and became increasingly Muslim. It was where much of the Indian Ocean trade took place.
What religion spread mainly to the eastern part of the Indian Ocean by traders?
How did Srivijaya become so rich?

42. 8.3 Quiz B
What religion was represented by the huge monument of Borobudur in Indonesia?
Whereas the Silk Roads mainly traded precious items, the Sea Roads mainly traded _______ items.
The Sea Roads took place mainly on which body of water?

43. 8.4 Sand Roads and American Roads

44. 22. Trans-African trade was rooted in environmental variation
22. Trans-African trade was rooted in environmental variation. For instance,
TRADE HAPPENED IN AFR B/C AFR’S ENVIORNMENT WAS SO DIFFERENT
Sahara – copper, gold and salt
The savanna grasslands immediately south of the Sahara produced—grain crops like millet and sorghum.
The forest areas farther south had yams/ pp

45. 23. What changes did trans-Saharan trade bring to West Africa?
The camel brought the biggest change
10 days w/o water
Led to the exchange of mined gold from Sahara out into the rest of the world
Muslims traded slaves along the Sahara
Most from non-Muslim areas (West Africa) Some white women from Eastern Mediterranean
Sudanic states develop big urban trading centers.
Jenne-jeno, Timbuktu, Gao all in modern-day Mali
Beads, iron tools, cotton textiles
pp )

46. More on West African Trade
Camel caravans – 5000 camels and hundreds of ppl
Gold trading leads to strong empires in West Africa that grew by taxing merchants
Ghana first and then Mali

48. Aztecs and Incas probably didn’t know the other existed
24. Compare some factors that inhibited the development of long-distance exchange networks in the Americas, as opposed to Eurasia.
Aztecs and Incas probably didn’t know the other existed
Less interactions because no horses, donkeys or camels.
No wheeled vehicles or ocean-going ships
Geography
Bottleneck of Panama covered in rainforest
North/south orientation – made new agriculture adapt to new climates when migrating
Eurasia’s east/west orientation made agricultural diffusion easier pp

49. 24A What was trade like in the Americas?
Loose interactive web in North America
Cahokia, Chaco, others traded indirectly with Caribbean and others
It was a very WEAK connection
Major trade network in Mesoamerica
Maya and Teotihuacan traded by land
Maya had dugout canoes to trade by sea
Aztecs had professional merchants

50. 24B Cahokia Near St. Louis on the Mississippi River
Part of the “Mound Builders”
Right in the middle of the loose network of American trade
Archaeologists found
Shells from Atlantic coast
Buffalo hides from Great Plains
Obsidian from Rocky Mountains
Mica (shiny rock) from Appalachians
This proves that there was some long distance trade

52. 26. What were Inca roads used for?
Transporting state controlled goods by pack animals or messages by foot
2,000 inns where travelers could get food and shelter
Relay system for messages could cover 150 miles in one day.
p. 353

53. 27. Why did the Andean Inca Empire largely control trade, not allowing a professional merchant class to emerge?
Incan trade was state-run.
No free market (capitalism) like Aztecs.
p. 354

54. 27A How is modern trade different from premodern trade?
Premodern was mainly for self consumption
Very little was actually traded
Modern trade was often relay-based
Premodern had fewer wageworkers
Premodern was mainly luxury goods
Premodern was much more local
Premodern was much more equal among trading societies

55. 8.4 Quiz A
Which American empire kept government control of most of the trading there?
List two specific items that were traded on the Sand Roads.
A lot of the trading on the Sand Roads was done using __________ caravans.

56. 8.4 Quiz B
The introduction of which animal changed the Trans-Sahara trade networks the most?
The “blue men” that were in Ireland were living there because they were __________.
Name one of the two major empires in Western Africa during this time period. Both of them were major trading empires.

57. 8.5 Docs Chinese Buddhist, Ibn Batutta and Marco Polo

58. A Chinese Buddhist in India
Traveled there for clarification of Buddhism
Muslims go to Mecca, Christians to Jerusalem
Visits the Bodhi Tree, cries
Visits a monastery/university
Monks studied math and science just like they mediated
Major places of learning

59. A Chinese Buddhist in India

60. Towns and Villages Walls around the cities and each individual house
Untouchables live outside the city
Butchers, fishers, executioners

61. Buddhist Studies Different sects in India vary in their worship
Great (Mahayana) and Little (Theravada) vehicles live in different parts of town
The more you know about Buddhism, the more stuff you get (paid for by tithe to the monastery)
If you make a mistake, you’re thrown in a ditch. Yay.

62. Caste and Marriage Marry outside your Jati?
You become your husband’s Jati
Women can’t remarry (men can)
What about untouchables?

63. Manners and Justice
Infidelity (cheating on your husband/wife) or failing at filieal piety?
Cut of your nose, or ears, or hands or feet
Major crimes = imprisonment
Minor crimes = fines

64. Marco Polo a European Christian in China
Wealthy merchant’s son
Traveld on the Silk Roads to Yuan (Mongol) China in 1200s
Was an official to Kublai Khan during Pax Mongolica
Columbus took the book with him to “China”
Lived in Hangzhou, one of the largest cities in the world
Maybe he exaggerated his role in China or what he saw

65. Macro Polo

66. Hangzhou 100 miles wide, 1220 bridges
Houses with up to 40 men living in them
Filial piety?
Rich lived like kings
Must follow father’s business
Buddhist “churches” were fancy
All the rich wear silk (because its not foreign)
Eat all kinds on ‘unclean’ beasts

67. They are very clean, they take several baths a month
Export and import lots of goods?
Spices are cheap. Why?
Hookers?
Really impressed with the size and population of the city
Women are treated as property of the man that should be respected
People behave ‘from the example of their kings”
Confucianism

68. An Arab Muslim in West Africa
Ibn Battuta – 1300s – traveled 75,000 miles throughout the Arab world
China in the east, Spain in the west
Traveled on pilgrimage and with merchants
Not a stranger in a strange land like Polo
Always was under the Muslim world
Not as impressed as Polo was

69. Ibn Battuta

70. Calls Africans ‘blacks’, calls himself ‘white’
No veils for women
Non-Muslims are ‘heathens’
Trace lineage through mother’s brother, not father
Open relationships in marriage
Used salt and glass for money

71. Gold hats, birds, instruments Treat the sultan with great respect
Get naked and puts on dirty clothes
To show how crappy they are compared to the sultan
Islam means ‘submission’
Sultan rules with an iron fist, no insecurity there
Friday is the holy day

72. Women servants are naked all the time
Eating rotten meat, dogs and donkeys