1. Chapter 13 Section 1

2.  1844 Samuel F.B. Morse received a patent for a “talking wire” or telegraph. Telegraph sent electrical signals along a wire based on Morse Code Morse code: a code of dots, dashes, and spaces

3.  Telegraph companies sprung up everywhere and strung thousands of miles of wire Newspaper companies Businesses

4.  1829 an English family developed a steam powered engine 30 miles per hour  Engineers designed better engines and rails Private companies began building railroads  Linked eastern cities to Cincinnati and Chicago  Cities grew

5.  Trade increased between the United States and other nations  1845 John Griffiths launched the Rainbow, the first clipper ship  Clipper ship: sleek vessels with tall masts and huge sails that caught large gusts of wind Broke speed records Helped the U.S. win a large share of the world’s sea trade

6.  1850 Britain launched the first oceangoing steamship Carried more cargo and traveled faster than the clipper

7.  Factories began using steam power instead of water power Machines were powerful and cheap to run Build factories anywhere not just along water New machines produced goods for less  Buy clothes instead of making them

8.  Laborers worked longer hours for lower wages  The demand for workers increased as more factories sprang up Owners hired entire families Work day started at 4am and ended at 7:30pm

9.  Few factories had windows or heating systems contributing to frequent sickness  Accident were common  No laws regulating factories conditions

10. Skilled worker: people who have learned a trade  Carpenter The nature of work changes Shop owners could produce more goods more cheaply if they hired workers with fewer skills and paid lower wages More laborers then skilled workers

11.  Trade unions: skilled workers in many trades united Fought for better shorter workday, higher wages, and better working conditions  Strike: workers refused to do their job

12.  President Van Buren approved a 10 hour work day for government employees  Massachusetts court said union have the right to strike  Skilled workers earned better pay because factory owners needed their skills  Unskilled workers: held jobs that required little or no training and were easy to replace

13.  Immigrant; a person who enters a new country to settle there  1840s and 1850s about 4 million immigrants arrive in the U.S. Supplied much of the unskilled labor

14.  1840 a disease destroyed the potato crop across Europe Caused famine: sever food shortage  1845 and 1860 over 1.5 million Irish fled to the U.S. Settled in cities where their ships landed  NY; Boston Took any job they could find

15.  1850 and 1860 about 1 million Germans arrived fleeing from Revolutions in Germany

16.  Newcomers helped the American economy grow  Each group left an imprint on American life  Irish brought lively music  Germans brought customs of decorating Christmas trees  Language and food

17. Nativists: warned to preserve the country for native born white citizens  Called for laws to limit immigration  Keep immigrants from voting until they lived in the U.S. for 21 years  Newcomers took jobs by working for lower pay  Blamed for crime  Mistrusted because many Germans and Irish were Catholics

18.  Know-Nothing Party: nativists political party  Meetings and rituals of the party were kept secret  Party soon died out

19.  Early 1800s all northern stated had outlawed slavery Thousands of free African Americans lived in the North

20.  Discrimination: a policy or attitude that denies equal rights to certain groups of people  Even skilled African Americans had trouble finding decent jobs  Some became wealthy business men  James Forten: sail making business  John Rock: Massachusetts lawyer and judge