1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Industry and Immigration Before 1860

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Explain why American cities grew in the 1800s. List the new inventions and advances in agriculture and manufacturing. Describe the improvements in transportation during the early 1800s. Discuss the wave of immigration to the United States in the 1840s and 1850s. Describe the problems African Americans faced in the North. Objectives

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People urbanization – the growth of cities due to the movement of people from rural areas to cities telegraph – a device that used electrical signals to send messages Samuel F. B. Morse – the inventor of the telegraph

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People (continued) famine – widespread starvation nativists – people who wanted to preserve the country for white, American-born Protestants discrimination – the denial of equal rights or equal treatment to certain groups of people

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did urbanization, technology, and social change affect the North? During the Industrial Revolution, the differences between the North and South widened. Northern cities, industries, and transportation technologies grew rapidly, with both benefits and drawbacks for citizens.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Early American cities were small by today’s standards, but in the 1800s, U.S. cities grew larger. The Industrial Revolution spurred urbanization, as agricultural workers moved to the cities for jobs. Farm laborers who had been replaced by machines went to work in city factories and shops.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. a lack of clean drinking water disease As cities grew, a variety of problems emerged. fires filthy streets the lack of good sewage systems structures made mostly of wood poorly trained firefighters rival fire companies fighting each other instead of fires

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Industrial Revolution, however, also provided many benefits. New inventions and technological advances affected many industries. Agriculture Clothing and manufactured goods Communication Transportation As a result, the way of life of many people changed.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Agriculture Inventions made it easier for farmers to cultivate more land and harvest their crops with fewer workers. Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper cut stalks of wheat. Threshers separated grains of wheat from their stalks. The reaper and the thresher were put together into one machine called a combine.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Clothing and Manufactured Goods Sewing machines made it much more efficient to produce clothing in quantity. By 1860, factories in New England and the Middle Atlantic states were producing most of the nation’s manufactured goods.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Communications Samuel F. B. Morse began working on the telegraph in 1835. Morse code used shorter (“dots”) and longer (“dashes”), bursts of electricity that represent the letters of the alphabet. Soon, thousands of miles of telegraph wires were strung across the nation.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The telegraph worked by sending electrical signals over a wire. Messages could be sent quickly over long distances.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Transportation Improvements in transportation spurred the growth of American industry. Factories could make use of raw materials that were farther away. Factory owners could ship their goods to distant markets.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1807, Robert Fulton invented the steamboat.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Side-paddle steamboats traveled well on rivers, but not on oceans. In 1850, American-built clipper ships—the fastest ships in the world at the time—were introduced. But by the 1850s, Britain was producing ocean- going steamships that were faster and could carry more cargo than clipper ships.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Railroads tied together raw materials, manufacturers, and markets better than any other form of transportation. Steamboats had to follow the paths of rivers, which sometimes froze in winter. Railroads could be built almost anywhere.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Cars were drawn along the track by horses on America’s first railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio, which was begun in 1828. In 1830, Peter Cooper built the first American- made steam locomotive. By 1840, about 3,000 miles of railway track had been built in the United States.

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The American population grew rapidly in the 1840s because millions of immigrants, mostly from Western Europe, entered the United States. Not only was America’s way of life changing, immigrants were changing who Americans were. United States Population

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some immigrants came for land, others for opportunity, and still others because they could not survive in their home countries. As cities along the eastern coast became crowded, newly arrived immigrants headed west.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1845, a fungus destroyed the potato crop in Ireland, which led to a famine. During the Great Hunger, more than a million people starved to death, and a million more left Ireland.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Most of the Irish immigrants who came to the United States during this period found work laying railroad track in the East and Midwest in construction as household workers

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Germans also came to America during this period. Many were fleeing political persecution. Unlike the Irish, German immigrants came from many different levels of society. Many Germans settled in the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes region.

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Some Americans, called nativists, worried about the growing foreign population. Nativists especially opposed Irish immigration because most Irish were Roman Catholic. One New York nativist group became the powerful Know-Nothing political party, but the party eventually dissolved over the issue of slavery.

24. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Even more so than immigrants, African Americans in the North faced discrimination. Slavery had largely ended in the North by the early 1800s, but free African Americans did not receive the same treatment as whites.

25. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Discrimination in the North SuffrageAfrican Americans were often denied the right to vote. Job MarketAfrican Americans were not allowed to work in factories or in skilled trades. Many employers preferred to hire whites. SegregationSchools, public facilities, and churches were segregated, so African Americans formed their own churches. The MediaWhite newspapers often portrayed African Americans as inferior, so African Americans started their own newspapers.