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MODULE 37 MOTIVATIONAL CONCEPTS
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37.1 Define motivation as psychologists use the term and identify the perspective useful for studying motivated behavior. Motivation: need/desire that energizes and directs behavior 4 perspectives: Instinct Theory (Evolutionary Theory): genetically predisposed behavior Drive Reduction Theory: see homeostasis Arousal Theory: seeking stimulation (Yerkes-Dodson) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: What of the levels/stages are the most important?
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Instincts and Evolutionary Perspective Due to Darwin came the idea to classify many behaviors as instincts Instinct: unlearned but complex behavior that is ingrained in a species (reflexes) Evolutionary psychology: genes do predispose our behaviors
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Drives and Incentives Drive Reduction theory: a physiological need creates tension/arousal (drive) that organism wants to satisfy Seek homeostasis: balanced internal state Also seek incentives: (extrinsic/intrinsic) positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior Combined with needs=feel strong drive
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Optimum Arousal Sometimes we seek more arousal Yerkes-Dodson: performance increases with arousal up to a point, too much arousal becomes a detriment
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Hierarchy of Motives (Maslow) Some needs are more important at some points
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MODULE 38 HUNGER MOTIVATION
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38.1 Describe the physiological factors that produces hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Major source of energy is glucose: sugar that is used by body for energy. Low=hungry Stomach, intestine, and liver work with brain Hypothalamus—influences eating Neural arc secretes appetite stimulating hormone, another arc secretes the opposite Lateral hypothalamus: causes you to eat Ventromedial hypothalamus: causes you to feel satisfied Registers chemicals/hormones: (next slide)
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Ghrelin: hunger arousing hormone. Insulin: controls glucose, secreted by the pancreas Leptin: causes metabolism to increase and hunger to decrease, secreted by actual fat cells Orexin: increases hunger, secreted by hypothalamus PYY: tells the brain you are no longer hungry, produced by digestive tract
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Weight Thermostat We hover around a set point: a “weight” for an individual that controls metabolism and weight loss Basal metabolic rate: resting rate of energy being burned
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38.2 What cultural and situational factors influence hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Carbs/sweets boost serotonin…calming Sweet/salty: genetic and universal Conditioning can change taste Culture teaches “acceptable” foods Biological/environment influence taste
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Situational Influences on Eating Ecology of eating Eat more with others Unit bias—difference between Europeans/Americans Food Variety Eat more when offered more
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Environmental Factors of Obesity Sleep loss: vulnerable to weight gain Lowers leptin to report fat levels to the brain and increases ghrelin
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