1. Reconstruction 1865-1877

2. Section 1 What challenges faced the South after the Civil War? What actions did Union leaders take during wartime to reconstruct the nation after the war’s end? How did Lincoln’s assassination affect the nation? Why did President Johnson and Congress differ over Reconstruction?

3. The South after the war Major cities lay in ruin Major cities lay in ruin African Americans had uncertain future African Americans had uncertain future 1/5 of white male population died during war 1/5 of white male population died during war Large sections of railroads were destroyed Large sections of railroads were destroyed

5. Challenges for African Americans 13 th Amendment outlawed Slavery (made the Emancipation Proclamation legal) 13 th Amendment outlawed Slavery (made the Emancipation Proclamation legal) 4 million living in Confederacy won their freedom 4 million living in Confederacy won their freedom Most had no money or education and couldn’t find a job Most had no money or education and couldn’t find a job Most wanted some sort of education Most wanted some sort of education

6. How to treat the South How to deal with: How to deal with: Confederate leadersConfederate leaders Former SlavesFormer Slaves States that secededStates that seceded Many legal and political questions regarding the South needed to be answered. Many legal and political questions regarding the South needed to be answered.

7. Freedmen’s Bureau Created in March 1865 to help southern white and black refugees and freed slaves.Created in March 1865 to help southern white and black refugees and freed slaves. The Bureau continued to function throughout the Reconstruction era (1865-1877) The Bureau continued to function throughout the Reconstruction era (1865-1877)

8. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)  Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.  Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.  Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

9. Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

10. Freedmen’s Bureau School

12. African American Problems New roles for African Americans were tested. Some freed slaves were allowed to rent and farm land. Some freedmen signed contracts to work for a year for wages. Some planters deducted basic items from the wages, and little money was left over.

13. Lincoln’s Plan The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, December 1863 The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, December 1863 Forgiveness to those who pledged Union loyalty and support for emancipation. Forgiveness to those who pledged Union loyalty and support for emancipation. When 10 percent of voters had taken the oath, a new state government could be organized. When 10 percent of voters had taken the oath, a new state government could be organized. The new government was required to ban slavery. The new government was required to ban slavery. This plan for readmission was known as the Ten Percent Plan. This plan for readmission was known as the Ten Percent Plan.

14. Opposition to Lincoln’s plan Lincoln’s plan sparked debate in Congress. Lincoln’s plan sparked debate in Congress. Some thought only power to re-admit states belonged to Congress; others thought the South never officially left the Union. Some thought only power to re-admit states belonged to Congress; others thought the South never officially left the Union. Congress refused to allow members from the states readmitted under Lincoln’s plan to be seated. Congress refused to allow members from the states readmitted under Lincoln’s plan to be seated.

15. Thaddeus Stevens Lincoln’s ally during Civil War Lincoln’s ally during Civil War Disagreed with Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction Disagreed with Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction Promoted Radical Reconstruction Promoted Radical Reconstruction Believed the South should be punished like a defeated nation Believed the South should be punished like a defeated nation Promoted African American suffrage and free school’s for everyone Promoted African American suffrage and free school’s for everyone

16. Thaddeus Stevens Republican leader in Congress (Penn) Republican leader in Congress (Penn) Promoted Radical Reconstruction Promoted Radical Reconstruction

17. President Lincoln’s Plan  1864  “Lincoln Governments” formed in LA, TN, AR * “loyal assemblies” * They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival.

18. Congress’s Plan Wade-Davis Bill Wade-Davis Bill In 1864, Congress passed its own plan for Reconstruction.In 1864, Congress passed its own plan for Reconstruction. A majority of white male citizens would be required to take a loyalty oath before elections could be held.A majority of white male citizens would be required to take a loyalty oath before elections could be held. Lincoln killed the bill using a pocket veto, ignoring it since it passed in the last 10 days of the legislative session. Lincoln killed the bill using a pocket veto, ignoring it since it passed in the last 10 days of the legislative session.

19. Lincoln’s Assassination April 14, 1865 – John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln at Fords Theatre. April 14, 1865 – John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln at Fords Theatre. Lincoln dies the next day Lincoln dies the next day A week after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox A week after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox John Wilkes Booth was part of a conspiracy, and others were supposed to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward. John Wilkes Booth was part of a conspiracy, and others were supposed to kill Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward.

21. John Wilkes Booth American Actor and southern sympathizer American Actor and southern sympathizer Booth believed the Confederacy would rise again Booth believed the Confederacy would rise again Caught and hanged Caught and hanged "Sic semper tyrannis" (thus always to tyrants) "Sic semper tyrannis" (thus always to tyrants)

23. Death of Conspirators

24. Effects of Lincoln’s death A grief stricken nation mourned Lincoln’s death. A grief stricken nation mourned Lincoln’s death. White southerners were concerned. Lincoln’s death meant a change in Reconstruction plans and a new president. White southerners were concerned. Lincoln’s death meant a change in Reconstruction plans and a new president. Some disliked Andrew Johnson and felt he was a traitor. Some disliked Andrew Johnson and felt he was a traitor.

27. Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool

28. Lincoln Memorial Are the hands signing his initials “A” and “L”

29. Robert E Lee carved into hair of Lincoln?

30. Words of the Gettysburg Address

32. Quick Thought??? All things considered what is Lincoln’s most important achievement in your opinion? All things considered what is Lincoln’s most important achievement in your opinion?

33. Andrew Johnson become President Johnson sworn in just hours after Lincoln’s death Republican leaders thought they could work with Democrat Johnson, but they did not understand his views. Johnson held no ill will toward southerners. Continued Lincoln’s plan of Reconstruction.

34. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan Like Lincoln’s Plan, it restored the rights of white southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the US. Like Lincoln’s Plan, it restored the rights of white southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the US. Wealthy southerners would have to apply for pardons Wealthy southerners would have to apply for pardons It required a convention to be called to repeal secession, an amended constitution banning slavery, and a refusal for the Union to pay to pay Confederate debts. It required a convention to be called to repeal secession, an amended constitution banning slavery, and a refusal for the Union to pay to pay Confederate debts.

35. Concern over Johnson’s Plan Johnson formed his plan while Congress was not in session Johnson formed his plan while Congress was not in session Many in Congress disagreed with Johnson’s plan Many in Congress disagreed with Johnson’s plan All but Texas had met the conditions under Johnson’s plan All but Texas had met the conditions under Johnson’s plan

36. What you need to know. Lincolns plan is called – Lincolns plan is called – Who killed Lincoln – Who killed Lincoln – Freedmen’s Bureau – Freedmen’s Bureau – Who is Andrew Johnson – Who is Andrew Johnson – What problems did freedman face - What problems did freedman face -

37. Section 2 Congressional Reconstruction How did the South respond to reconstruction under Johnson? How did the South respond to reconstruction under Johnson? Why did Congress take control of reconstruction, and what changes did they make? Why did Congress take control of reconstruction, and what changes did they make? What is Radical Reconstruction? What is Radical Reconstruction?

38. Reconstruction under Johnson White Southerners were generally happy under Johnson’s plan White Southerners were generally happy under Johnson’s plan Johnson believed that African Americans should not have a role in the southern governments Johnson believed that African Americans should not have a role in the southern governments Johnson pardoned nearly everyone who applied, and prewar leaders were restored to power. Congress refused to seat these former Confederates. Johnson pardoned nearly everyone who applied, and prewar leaders were restored to power. Congress refused to seat these former Confederates.

39. The Black Codes Black Codes – laws passed in the South to keep freedmen in a “slave-like” condition. Black Codes – laws passed in the South to keep freedmen in a “slave-like” condition. Varied from state to state Varied from state to state Examples – forbid renting land in town, had to pay a higher tax, leave employment before contract is up could be arrested, could not own guns. Examples – forbid renting land in town, had to pay a higher tax, leave employment before contract is up could be arrested, could not own guns.

40. Southern Defiance Local sheriffs and Civil War veterans supported and enforced these Black Codes.Local sheriffs and Civil War veterans supported and enforced these Black Codes. White citizens formed private groups, supposedly to keep order in the South.White citizens formed private groups, supposedly to keep order in the South. The Ku Klux Klan formed in 1866 and soon began terrorizing African Americans and whites who were loyal to the Union. The Ku Klux Klan formed in 1866 and soon began terrorizing African Americans and whites who were loyal to the Union. Violence against blacks was rarely prosecuted.Violence against blacks was rarely prosecuted.

41. Terrorist groups like the KKK formed after the Civil War. These groups were generally former slave owners.

44. Northern Concerns Many Northerners were troubled at what was going on in the South. Many Northerners were troubled at what was going on in the South. Radical-Republicans – favored tougher requirements for restoring the southern state governments Radical-Republicans – favored tougher requirements for restoring the southern state governments They wanted freed slaves to have economic and political freedom They wanted freed slaves to have economic and political freedom

45. Reconstruction Views President Johnson President Johnson Moderates Moderates Radicals Radicals After Johnson declared reconstruction over in Dec. of 1865, Moderates decided to improve upon his plan. After Johnson declared reconstruction over in Dec. of 1865, Moderates decided to improve upon his plan.

46. Congress Passes Civil Rights Act Civil Rights Act (1866) – Gave African Americans citizenship and equality under the laws. Civil Rights Act (1866) – Gave African Americans citizenship and equality under the laws. To prevent the Supreme Court from overturning Civil Rights Act Congress passed 14 th Amendment. To prevent the Supreme Court from overturning Civil Rights Act Congress passed 14 th Amendment. 14 th Amendment – can’t deny citizens life, liberty, or property without due process of Law. 14 th Amendment – can’t deny citizens life, liberty, or property without due process of Law.

47. Reconstruction Acts (Radicals) Republicans gain control in the Election of 1866 Republicans gain control in the Election of 1866 Passed four reconstruction acts over Johnson’s veto Passed four reconstruction acts over Johnson’s veto This time period is known as Radical Reconstruction (Congressional Reconstruction) This time period is known as Radical Reconstruction (Congressional Reconstruction)

48. Radical Reconstruction 1. March 1867 – divided south into five military districts under the control of the army 2. States must write new constitutions 3. Authorized army to register black voters 4. US army could remove any elected official in the south who didn’t cooperate

49. Many in the South felt like colonist a century early under military control.

50. Tenure of Office Act Since the south was under military control Congress was afraid Johnson would use his power as Commander and Chief. Since the south was under military control Congress was afraid Johnson would use his power as Commander and Chief. Tenure of Office Act (1867) – required Senate permission to remove any official whose appointment had required Senate approval. Tenure of Office Act (1867) – required Senate permission to remove any official whose appointment had required Senate approval.

51. Johnson’s Impeachment Edward Stanton, (Lincoln’s Sec. of War), supported congressional Republicans – Johnson fired him. Edward Stanton, (Lincoln’s Sec. of War), supported congressional Republicans – Johnson fired him. The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act. The House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act. The Senate failed to convict by one vote, and Johnson remained in office. The Senate failed to convict by one vote, and Johnson remained in office. Although no longer in control of Reconstruction, Johnson continued to issue pardons, and by the end of 1868 the rights of almost all Confederate leaders had been restored. Although no longer in control of Reconstruction, Johnson continued to issue pardons, and by the end of 1868 the rights of almost all Confederate leaders had been restored.

52. Election of 1868 Texas, Mississippi, and Virginia were not yet readmitted to the Union and therefore did not vote (weird) Texas, Mississippi, and Virginia were not yet readmitted to the Union and therefore did not vote (weird) Democrat – Horatio Seymour Democrat – Horatio Seymour Republican – Ulysses S. Grant Republican – Ulysses S. Grant Grant wins by a surprising narrow margin Grant wins by a surprising narrow margin

53. Grant v. Seymour (1868)

55. 15 th Amendment 15 th Amendment - suffrage to all African American males nationwide. 15 th Amendment - suffrage to all African American males nationwide. This brought millions of potential new voters to the Republican Party and aimed to protect freedmen from pardoned former Confederates. This brought millions of potential new voters to the Republican Party and aimed to protect freedmen from pardoned former Confederates. However, it did not ban denial of suffrage for reasons other than race. However, it did not ban denial of suffrage for reasons other than race.

56. Quick Thought Would you punish the south for seceding? Why or Why Not? Would you punish the south for seceding? Why or Why Not?

57. Section 3 – Republican in Charge 1. What changes did the Republican government make in the South? 2. What was life like after slavery for African Americans?

58. Review Who were the two presidents involved in Reconstruction? Who were the two presidents involved in Reconstruction? Who was the leader of the Radical Republicans? Who was the leader of the Radical Republicans? What is the Freedmen’s Bureau? What is the Freedmen’s Bureau? What are Black Codes? What are Black Codes? What two amendments gave freedmen equal citizenship and right to vote. What two amendments gave freedmen equal citizenship and right to vote.

59. A Shift in Power After Congress and Army took control of the South, political power shifted. After Congress and Army took control of the South, political power shifted. Any southerners who supported the changes were labeled traitors. Any southerners who supported the changes were labeled traitors. Southern governments were now controlled by scalawags and carpetbaggers Southern governments were now controlled by scalawags and carpetbaggers

60. Scalawags and Carpetbaggers Scalawag – Southerners who were considered traitors to the eyes of the former Confederacy (many were farmers who never owned slaves) Scalawag – Southerners who were considered traitors to the eyes of the former Confederacy (many were farmers who never owned slaves) Carpetbagger – Northern republicans who came to the aid of the south. Carpetbagger – Northern republicans who came to the aid of the south.

63. African Americans in Government African Americans formed the largest group of Republicans in the South African Americans formed the largest group of Republicans in the South As a result nearly 700 African Americans served in southern state legislatures during Reconstruction. As a result nearly 700 African Americans served in southern state legislatures during Reconstruction. 16 African Americans served in the US Congress. 16 African Americans served in the US Congress. 1,500 total served in some office. 1,500 total served in some office.

64. Hiram Revels African American US Senator, filling Jefferson Davis’ Seat from Miss.

65. Blanche Bruce First African American to complete term in the Senate. He fled slavery during the Civil War.

66. New State Governments in South First public school systems. First public school systems. The infrastructure was repaired, facilities built, and railroads added. The infrastructure was repaired, facilities built, and railroads added. The Black Codes were repealed in every state. The Black Codes were repealed in every state. The changes had mixed reviews The changes had mixed reviews

67. Segregation Begins Railroads, shops and restaurants become segregated. Railroads, shops and restaurants become segregated. Even though African Americans technically had equal citizenship, discrimination begins all over US Even though African Americans technically had equal citizenship, discrimination begins all over US Garrison, Douglas, Lincoln, JFK, Parks, Marshall, King, --helped to ensure civil rights for all Americans Garrison, Douglas, Lincoln, JFK, Parks, Marshall, King, --helped to ensure civil rights for all Americans

68. Reconstruction and land ownership Many former slaves wanted land of their own. Many former slaves wanted land of their own. Many white southerners were reluctant to sell land to African Americans Many white southerners were reluctant to sell land to African Americans Most former slaves turned to sharecropping instead of low wage work. Most former slaves turned to sharecropping instead of low wage work.

69. Sharecropping/Tenant Farming sharecropping system- employer provided the land, tools, and seeds, --the worker shared his crops. sharecropping system- employer provided the land, tools, and seeds, --the worker shared his crops. If able, some switched to tenant farming, renting the land they farmed from the landowner. (could grow whatever they wanted) If able, some switched to tenant farming, renting the land they farmed from the landowner. (could grow whatever they wanted) They depended on the harvest and bought most seeds on credit. They depended on the harvest and bought most seeds on credit. Bad harvest = debt. (remained in poverty) Bad harvest = debt. (remained in poverty)

71. Many sharecroppers resembled slaves because they were working on large plantations for little to no money.

72. Sharecropping

73. Quick Speak In your own words write two phrases that describe life in the South during the Civil War. In your own words write two phrases that describe life in the South during the Civil War.

74. Section 4 – Reconstruction Collapses What problems caused support for reconstruction to decline? What problems caused support for reconstruction to decline? What events brought reconstruction to an end? What events brought reconstruction to an end? What is the legacy of reconstruction? What is the legacy of reconstruction?

75. Problems with Reconstruction 1. Terrorist groups in the South 2. Supreme Court Cases 3. African Americans discouraged concerning poverty 4. Money for reconstruction projects raised taxes in South 5. Democrats regained control in the House of Reps.

76. Terrorist Groups The KKK and similar organizations wanted to restore the old political order. The KKK and similar organizations wanted to restore the old political order. Their methods included threats, house burnings, and killings against not only blacks but whites as well. Their methods included threats, house burnings, and killings against not only blacks but whites as well. State governments were unable to control violence. State governments were unable to control violence.

77. The Ku Klux Klan was founded in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 to combat Reconstruction reforms and intimidate African Americans. By 1870 similar organizations such as the Knights of the White Camelia and the White Brotherhood had sprung up across the South. Through fear, brutality, and murder, these terrorist groups helped to overthrow local reform-minded governments and restore white supremacy, and then largely faded away.

78. Enforcement Acts Three Enforcement Acts were passed, setting heavy penalties for anyone attempting to prevent a qualified person from voting. Three Enforcement Acts were passed, setting heavy penalties for anyone attempting to prevent a qualified person from voting. They banned the use of disguises and gave the army and federal courts power to capture and punish KKK members. They banned the use of disguises and gave the army and federal courts power to capture and punish KKK members. While the KKK was soon brought under control, other groups continued to operate. While the KKK was soon brought under control, other groups continued to operate.

79. Congress passes Enforcement Acts to control Ku Klux Klan and to federally guarantee civil and political rights.

80. Supreme Court weakens Reconstruction The Slaughterhouse Cases (Civil Rights are under state control) United States v. Cruikshank (Court could not punish whites who oppressed African Americans) United States v. Reese (Could deny voting for any other reason other than race) Limited the effect of 14 th and 15 th Amendment

81. “Redeeming the South” Democrats gained back power (Redeemers) Democrats gained back power (Redeemers) Threatened Republican candidates and drove away black voters Threatened Republican candidates and drove away black voters Democrats officials called themselves “redeemers” for having won back their states from Republicans Democrats officials called themselves “redeemers” for having won back their states from Republicans

82. Election of 1876 Republican – Rutherford B. Hayes Democrat – Samuel J. Tilden The presidential election was disputed with charges of massive voting fraud. Many claimed African Americans weren’t allowed to vote in the South, and many Republican threw out votes in the South. Democrats threatened to put Tilden in the White House by force if necessary. “Tilden or War” An electoral commission came up with a compromise.

84. Compromise of 1877 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes would become President (he did have more votes), but Military would be ordered out of the South Without protection from the military the last of the Republican governments in the south collapsed Reconstruction ended

85. Legacy of Reconstruction Legacy – how its remembered (its impact) Legacy – how its remembered (its impact) The 14th and 15th Amendments began permanent changes across the United States. Former slaves were now citizens with voting rights The 14th and 15th Amendments began permanent changes across the United States. Former slaves were now citizens with voting rights For a century after Reconstruction ended, the South was know as the Solid South, always voting Democratic. It was not until the 1970s that the Republican Party was able to gain ground in the South. For a century after Reconstruction ended, the South was know as the Solid South, always voting Democratic. It was not until the 1970s that the Republican Party was able to gain ground in the South.

86. Quick Thought Was Reconstruction a Success? What if anything could have been done differently to make it better? Was Reconstruction a Success? What if anything could have been done differently to make it better?