1. Social and Cultural Environments Chapter 4 James Davis Brian Snider

2. High and Low-Context Cultures

3. High-Context Cultures Less verbally explicit communication, less written/formal information More internalized understandings of what is communicated Long term relationships Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs who is considered an "outsider"

4. High-Context Cultures Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority Ex. Japan and Saudi Arabia Ex. Small religious congregations, a party with friends, family gatherings, expensive gourmet restaurants and neighborhood restaurants with a regular clientele

5. Low-Context Cultures Rule oriented, people play by external rules More knowledge is codified, public, external, and accessible. Sequencing, separation--of time, of space, of activities, of relationships More interpersonal connections of shorter duration

6. Low-Context Cultures Knowledge is more often transferable Task-centered. Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done, division of responsibilities. Ex. US, Switzerland or Germany Ex. large US airports, a chain supermarket, a cafeteria, a convenience store, sports where rules are clearly laid out, a motel.

7. Hofstede’s Cultural Typology

8. Power distance measures the degree to which less powerful members of a culture accept the unequal distribution of power. In high power distance cultures it's acceptable for a supervisor to display his authority Individualism focuses on the degree the society reinforces individual or collective achievement and interpersonal relationships.

9. Hofstede’s Cultural Typology Masculinity the degree to which masculine values like competitiveness and the acquisition of wealth are valued over feminine values like relationship building and quality of life. Uncertainty avoidance measures a nation's preference for strict laws and regulations over risk.

10. Hofstede’s Cultural Typology Long-Term focuses on the degree the society embraces, or does not embrace, long-term devotion to traditional, forward thinking values.