1. Hofstede Cultural Framework
Power Distance
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Masculinity vs. Femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance
Long Term Orientation

2. Power Distance
“...the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.”

4. Power Distance at Work Hierarchy Centralization Salary range
Participation
Ideal Boss
Privilege & status symbols

5. Individualism vs. Collectivism
Individualist societies: ties are loose and everyone looks out for himself or herself
Collectivist societies: people integrated into strong, cohesive groups; protection is exchanged for loyalty

7. Individualism / Collectivism at Work
Employee-employer relationship
Hiring and promotion decisions
Managerial focus
Task vs. relationship priority

8. Masculinity vs. Femininity
Masculine societies: social gender roles are distinct (men focus on material success; women on quality of life)
Feminine societies: social gender roles overlap (both quality of life)

10. Masculinity / Femininity at Work
Centrality of work
Ways of managing & decision making
Fem: equality, solidarity, quality of work life
Mas: equity, compete, performance
Conflict resolution

11. Uncertainty Avoidance
“…the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations.”
NOT the same as risk avoidance
Presence of rules

13. Uncertainty Avoidance at Work
Necessity of rules
Time orientation
Precision & punctuality
Interpretation of “What is different…”
Appropriateness of emotional displays

14. Long term orientation Confucian Dynamism
The ‘newest’ dimension
three universal dimensions and two fourth dimensions
Truth vs. Virtue: What one believes vs. What one does

16. Confucian Dynamism Short-term orientation
Social pressure to ‘keep up with the Joneses’
small savings
expect quick results
concern with possessing Truth
Long-term orientation
Thrift: being sparing with resources
large savings
perseverance toward slow results
concern with respecting the demands of Virtue

18. Idiosyncrasies of North American Management Theory
Stress on Market Processes
Stress on the Individual
Stress on Managers rather than Workers