1. I - Olfactory Nerve Receptors in nasal mucosa Fibers terminate in the olfactory bulbs Functions in providing us our sense of smell

2. II - Optic Nerve Receptors in retina, skin and mucosa of head, teeth Fibers terminate in the thalamus Functions in vision.

3. III - Oculomotor Nerve Receptors are located in the external eye muscles Fibers terminate in the midbrain Functions include moving the eye, regulating the size of the pupil and accommodating for nearsightedness.

4. IV - Trochlear Nerve Receptors located in the superior oblique muscle above the eye. Fibers terminate in the midbrain. Functions in movement of the eye.

5. V - Trigeminal Nerve Receptors are found in the skin and mucosa of the head and in the teeth. Fibers terminate in the pons. Functions in sensations of the head and face and in chewing.

6. VI - Abducens Nerve Receptors are found in the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. Fibers terminate in the pons. Functions in abduction of the eye.

7. VII – Facial Nerve Receptors are found in the taste buds and anterior 2/3 of the tongue Fibers terminate in the medulla Functions in making facial expressions, secretion of saliva and tears and the sense of taste.

8. VIII – Vestibulocochlear Nerve Receptors are found in the semicircular canals and vestibule. Fibers terminate in the pons and medulla. Facilitate balance and hearing as well as equilibrium.

9. IX – Glossopharyngeal Nerve Receptors found in the pharynx, taste buds and other receptors on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and the carotid sinus. Fibers terminate in the medulla. Functions to sense sensations of the tongue, swallowing movements, secretion of saliva and reflex control of blood pressure and respiration.

10. X – Vagus Nerve Receptors in the pharynx, larynx, carotid body, thoracic and abdominal viscera. Fibers terminate in the medulla and pons. Functions to provide sensations of and facilitate movement of organs

11. XI – Accessory Nerve Receptors in the trapezuis muscle and sternomastoid. Fibers terminate in the spinal cord. Facilitates shoulder movements, movement of head, movement of viscera, voice production.

12. XII – Hypoglossal Nerve Receptors found in tongue Fibers terminate in the medulla Facilitates tongue movements.

13. AP Biology Drugs and the Nervous System 2003-2004

14. Regents Biology Drugs and the Nervous System Drug – any substance, other than food that changes the structure or function of the body Legal Illegal

15. Regents Biology Used to increase alertness, relieve fatigue Used to relieve anxiety, irritability, tension Used to relieve pain Stimulants Depressants Opiates Amphetamines Barbiturates Tranquilizers Morphine Codeine Increase heart and respiratory rates; elevate blood pressure; dilate pupils; decrease appetite Slow down the actions of the central nervous system; small amounts cause calmness and relaxation; larger amounts cause slurred speech and impaired judgement Act as a depressant; cause drowsiness, restlessness, nausea Section 35-5 Commonly Abused Drugs Drug TypeMedical UseExamplesEffects on the body

16. Regents Biology 1. Stimulants Increase –Heart rate –Blood pressure –Breathing –Release of neurotransmitters at some synapses in the brain Deplete neurotransmitters and lead to: –Fatigue –Circulatory problems –Hallucinations –Depression

17. Regents Biology 2. Depressants Decrease –Heart rate –Breathing rate –Blood pressure –Relax muscles –Relieve tension Enhances release of neurotransmitters that prevent nerves cells from firing Alcohol with depressants can lead to death – depresses CNS to a point one stops breathing

18. Regents Biology 3. Opiates Mimics endorphins Endorphin – natural chemical in brain that helps overcome pain When person stops taking –Brain has adjusted to high levels of endorphins –Cannot produce enough natural endorphins –Suffer uncontrollable pain and sickness

19. Regents Biology 4. Cocaine Sudden release of Dopamine Powerful Stimulant Increases heart rate and blood pressure First time users can have heart attack Dopamine – neurotransmitter in brain that is released to give feeling of pleasure and satisfaction

20. Regents Biology 5. Marijuana Active ingredient (THC) tetrahydrocannabinol More destructive to lungs than cigarettes –5 marijuana cigs = 120 conventional cigs Results in: –Lower WBC count by 40% - susceptible to infections –Teens – inhibits maturity Retards normal brain growth –Memory loss –Inability to concentrate –Fall short on memory as well as math and verbal skills –Males – reduced testosterone levels and increases estrogen levels –Females – disturbs menstrual cycle DNA damage to eggs

21. Regents Biology More Effects (FYI) Impaired perception Loss of coordination Increased risk of accidents Impaired judgement Loss of motivation Diminished inhibitions Increased heart rate Anxiety, panic attacks, and paranoia Hallucinations Damage to the respiratory, reproductive, and immune systems Increased risk of CANCER Psychological dependency

22. Regents Biology 6. Alcohol Depressant Slows down CNS –40% of 50,000 highway deaths are caused by drinking and driving –1/3 of homocides attributed to effects of alcohol –$150 billion dollars of U.S. economy alcohol abuse treatment Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) –Drinking while pregnant –Heart defects, malformed faces, delayed growth, poor motor development

23. Regents Biology Alcohol and Disease Long-term alcohol use or bouts of excessive consumption –Destroys liver cells –Cirrhosis of liver – formation of scar tissue that prevents blood flow through liver

24. Regents Biology Drug Abuse Intentional misuse of any drug for nonmedical purposes Addiction – uncontrollable dependence on a drug

25. Regents Biology Only Way to Prevent Addiction and Effects of Drugs NOT taking them to begin with

26. Regents Biology Famous People that have Died of Drug Overdoses Michael Jackson Andy Gibb Britany Murphy David Ruffin Elvis Presley Heath Leger Jim Morrison John Belushi Janis Joplin River Phoenix Chris Farley Freddy Prinze Judy Garland Brad Renfro Dana Plato Kurt Cobain Anna Nicole Smith Ike Turner Brandon and Bruce Lee 2003-2004

27. Regents Biology Diseases, Conditions, and Syndromes of the Nervous System

28. Regents Biology Parkinson’s Disease 2003-2004

29. Regents Biology Interview with Michael J. Fox 2003-2004

30. Regents Biology Stroke Occurs when there is not enough oxygen going to the brain. 2003-2004

31. Regents Biology Autism Overview Autism is a developmental disorder that appears in the first 3 years of life, and affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills. Symptoms Most parents of autistic children suspect that something is wrong by the time the child is 18 months old and seek help by the time the child is age 2. Children with autism typically have difficulties in: Pretend play Social interactions Verbal and nonverbal communication Some children with autism appear normal before age 1 or 2 and then suddenly "regress" and lose language or social skills they had previously gained. This is called the regressive type of autism. People with autism may: Be overly sensitive in sight, hearing, touch, smell, or taste (for example, they may refuse to wear "itchy" clothes and become distressed if they are forced to wear the clothes) Have unusual distress when routines are changed Perform repeated body movements Show unusual attachments to objects

32. Regents Biology 2003-2004

33. Regents Biology 2003-2004

34. Regents Biology 2003-2004

35. Regents Biology Rainman (Part 1) 2003-2004

36. Regents Biology Rainman (Part 2) 2003-2004

37. Regents Biology Kim Peek- the “Real Rainman” 1 2003-2004

38. Regents Biology Kim Peek- 2 2003-2004

39. Regents Biology Kim Peek- 3 2003-2004

40. Regents Biology Kim Peek- 4 2003-2004

41. Regents Biology Polio Viral disease of the central nervous system that can cause paralysis. 2003-2004

42. Regents Biology Teacher- Collins Syndrome 2003-2004

43. Regents Biology Juliana Whitmore 2003-2004

44. Regents Biology Meningitis Is an inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Disease is caused by bacteria, or a virus. Symptoms – Very bad headache 2003-2004

45. Regents Biology Tourettes Syndrome 2003-2004

46. Regents Biology Cerebral Palsy Congenital disease (born with) Disturbance of motor functions 2003-2004

47. Regents Biology Herniated Disk Disk in vertebra moves up against the spinal nerves. Very painful 2003-2004

48. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Animals rely on two systems for regulation: Nervous System is a system of nerve cells called neurons. It consists of a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nerves. Typical responses are fast and short lasting. Endocrine System is a system of ductless glands that secrete hormone into the blood. Hormones travel to target tissues. Typical responses are slow and long lasting. Progesterone Estradiol

49. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Human Endocrine Glands Ductless glands transport hormones in the blood Duct glands are exocrine glands that use tubes to carry the secretion (salivary, tears)

50. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Pituitary gland and Hypothalamus serve to link the nervous system other glands and metabolic functions.

51. Regents Biology 2003-2004

52. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Thyroid and Parathyroid help regulate calcium metabolism Feedback!

53. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Goiter: Iodine deficiency and feedback causes the thyroid to enlarge This people have a goiter, a condition that is easily preventable with iodized salt

54. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Thyroid regulates metabolism Graves disease: hyperthyroid feedback

55. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Pancreas helps regulate blood glucose Insulin from Beta cells reduce blood sugar Glucagon from Alpha cells increase blood sugar feedback

56. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Large amount of adrenaline pumped into the body to put us in a state of increased alertness Blood is redirected away from the extremities to the large muscles of the body The heart starts working harder to move the blood to the large muscle groups as quickly as it can Increase in Respiratory Rate Release of red blood cells Release of sugar by liver Increase in metabolic rate THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT MECHANISM alektorophobia

57. Regents Biology 2003-2004

58. Regents Biology 2003-2004

59. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Gonads: Testes and Ovaries produce hormones that regulate secondary sex traits Male sex traits include those changes that occur during puberty Androgens include testosterone feedback

60. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Female sex traits include the menstrual cycle and the changes seen during puberty LH and FSH from the pituitary Estrogen and progesterone from the ovary feedback

61. Regents Biology 2003-2004 Identify the Glands

62. Regents Biology Overview  The Nervous System controls and coordinates all the functions of the body.  The Nervous System consists of two main sub-divisions:  Central Nervous System (CNS)  Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into two sub-divisions: The Peripheral Nervous System is divided into two sub-divisions:  Somatic- voluntary  Autonomic- involuntary 2003-2004