1. Human Body Systems Organization of the Body (Review) Cells
Basic unit of structure and function
Tissues
Group of cells that perform a single function (e.g. epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle)
Organs
Different types of tissues that work together to perform a closely related function (e.g. eye, liver, lungs)
Organ Systems
Group of organs that perform closely related functions (e.g. circulatory, respiratory, digestive)

2. Homeostasis
Definition: the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in their external environments
Requires the integration of all organ systems at the same time
Nervous system in conjunction with the endocrine system (hormones) is responsible for this integration

3. III. Maintaining Homeostasis
Examples of Feedback Inhibition
III. Maintaining Homeostasis
Negative feedback – your body’s response results in decreasing the effect of the stimulus (e.g. body temperature)
Section 35-1
Sensed by
Room Temperature
Drops
Room temp. rises
Thermostat
Signals
Heater to turn on

4. Positive feedback – your body’s response results in an increase in the effect of the stimulus, (e.g. the flight-fight response)

5. Nervous System
Recognizes and coordinates the body’s response to changes in its internal and external environments.
General Functions of the Nervous System
Sensory input – vision, hearing, balance, smell, taste, and touch
Motor output – muscle contraction and movement
Memory and integration of information

6. Organization of the NS
Central N.S.
1. Brain
2. Spinal Cord
B. Peripheral N.S.
1. Somatic N.S.
2. Autonomic N.S.
a. Sympathetic
b. Parasympathetic

7. Nervous System Division of Labor Central Nervous System (CNS)
Control center of the body that relays messages, and processes and analyzes information
Brain
Cerebrum – largest region; right and left hemispheres that are connected by corpus callosum; voluntary activities and higher brain functions
Cerebellum – located at the lower back part of brain; coordination and balance
Corpus callosum is how the left and right lobes communicate. Often cut to treat epilepsy. Left lobe is for right side of body and vise-versa.

8. Nervous System
Brain stem – connects the brain and spinal chord; two regions: pons and medulla oblongata, control breathing, heart rate and swallowing
Thalamus and hypothalamus - between brain stem and cerebrum
Thalamus: relay station for sensory info
Hypothalamus: most important homeostatic site; hormones, body’s thermostat, fight or flight, thirst, hunger, reproduction
Medulla oblongata: lowest part of the brain,

9. Draw Fig. 35-9: The Brain Cerebrum Thalamus Pineal gland Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Pituitary gland
Pons
Spinal cord
Medulla oblongata

10. Nervous System Spinal Cord Two main fxns:
Processing of simple responses to certain stimuli (reflexes)
Carries info to and from brain to body

11. Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Receives information from the environment and relays to and from CNS and sensory, motor and gland cells

12. Nervous System Two divisions:
Sensory - Made of sensory neurons that bring info to the CNS
Motor - Made of sensory neurons that convey info from the CNS; two subdivisions
Somatic (voluntary): respond to external stimuli
Autonomic (involuntary): respond to internal stimuli w/the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions
Sympathetic ↑energy consumption
Parasympathetic ↓energy consumption
Parasympathetic center controls things like digestion and slowing heart to conserve energy. Sympathetic center controls accelerating HR, increasing metabolism, thus increasing energy consumption

13. Nervous System Flow Chart

14. Nervous System Neurons (Nerve Cells)
Specialized cells that carry electrical signals called impulses (Draw Fig. 35-5; pg. 897)
3 Types of Neurons:
Sensory – carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain
Motor – carry impulses from brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
Interneurons – Connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them

15. Nervous System Anatomy of a Neuron Cell Body
Largest part of the neuron
Contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm
Metabolic activity takes place in the cell body
Cell Body

16. Nervous System Dendrites
Carry impulses from the environment or other neurons to the cell body

17. Nervous System
Axon
Long fiber that carries impulses from the cell body
Ends in axon terminals that contain vesicles for neurotransmitters

18. Nervous System Myelin Sheath Insulates the axon
Gaps in the myelin sheath allow an impulse to jump from node to node, thus increasing its speed

19. Which part of the neuron is yellow? Which parts are blue?

20. The Nerve Impulse The Resting Neuron
At rest, the outside of the cell has a net positive charge and the inside has a net negative charge. This charge difference is called the resting potential. (-70mVolts, about 5% of the voltage in AA battery)

21. The Resting Neuron (cont)
The charge difference is created by active transport of ions across the cell membrane via the sodium-potassium pump.
Sodium ions (Na+) are pumped outside the cell and potassium (K+) ions are pumped into the cell.

22. The Moving Impulse
An impulse begins when a neuron is stimulated by the axon of another neuron or by the environment.
Na+ pores open and the flood of Na+ ions makes the inside positive. _ + + _

23. The Moving Impulse (cont)
This reversal of charges, from negative to positive is called a nerve impulse, or an action potential.
As the impulse passes, K+ pores open and K+ flows out which restores the resting potential (charge difference) + _ + _

24. The Moving Impulse (cont)
How do things get back to the original condition?
The sodium potassium pump kicks in.
The minimum level of a stimulus that is required to activate a neuron is called the threshold.

25. Nerve Impulse Summary

26. Nerve Impulse Pathway Overview
Impulse is received by the dendrites from the environment or another neuron, then gets rapidly channeled through the cell body to the axon
Axon branches out into axon terminals, which contain tiny vesicles filled with neurotransmitters, which are chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse to another cell. (e.g. acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine and adrenalin).
Vesicles release neurotransmitters into the open space between neurons called the synapse.
Talk about speed of impulse. Dopamine and serotonin and ecstasy: similar to meth, X damaged cells that release the neurotransmitter called serotonin. Damage to these cells could affect a person's abilities to remember and to learn. Same for dopamine. Death of dopamine cells causes Parkinson's disease

27. Nerve Impulse Pathway (cont)
The neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and attach themselves to receptors on dendrite of neighboring cell
Direction of Impulse
Dendrite of adjacent neuron
Axon
Receptor
Vesicle
Axon terminal
Synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitter

28. Nervous System Reflexes Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli
Controlled by 5-part reflex arc:
Sensory receptors on finger reacts to stimulus (heat)
Impulse is carried to the spinal cord by a sensory neuron
In the spinal cord, the impulse is transferred by an interneuron to motor neuron
Motor neurons conducts the impulse to an effector (arm muscles)
Effector responds to the impulses by contracting (hand gets pulled away from the heat)

29. Nervous System The Senses
5 General Sensory Receptors: pain, thermo-, mechano-, chemo- and photoreceptors.
Where do you think these different types of receptors are found and what is their function?
Vision
Hearing and Balance
Smell and Taste
Touch

30. Nervous System Nervous System Disorders
Migraine Headaches – caused by change in serotonin levels? (affected by caffeine, estrogen, certain foods)
Parkinson’s –caused by damage to dopamine transmitters; causes uncontrollable shaking, no cure
Tay-Sachs –lack enzyme to break down fatty deposits in the brain; neurological deterioration; death by age 4-5
Dementia - damaged brain cells caused by injury or disease (Alzheimer’s); memory loss and personality change.

31. Nervous System Accelerate HR, BP, and breathing rate
Drugs and the Nervous System
Stimulants
Accelerate HR, BP, and breathing rate
Increases the release of neurotransmitters; leads to release of energy and feeling of well-being
When effect wears off, brain’s supply is depleted
Caffeine
Cocaine
Methamphetamines

32. Nervous System Depressants
Slow down HR, lower BP and breathing rate, relax muscles and relieves anxiety
Alcohol
Marijuana
Sleeping Pills

33. Commonly Abused Drugs Commonly Abused Drugs Section 35-5 Drug Type
Stimulants
Depressants
Opiates
Used to increase alertness, relieve fatigue
Used to relieve anxiety, irritability, tension
Used to relieve pain
Medical Use
Amphetamines
Barbiturates
Tranquilizers
Morphine
Codeine
Examples
Effects on the body
Increase heart and respiratory rates; elevate blood pressure; dilate pupils; decrease appetite
Slow down the actions of the central nervous system; small amounts cause calmness and relaxation; larger amounts cause slurred speech and impaired judgement
Act as a depressant; cause drowsiness, restlessness, nausea