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Chapter 4 Cities: Their Origins and Growth
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I. Cities
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The Latin word for city is “civitas” –city dwellers were considered civilized CITIES are simply concentrations of people who live in close proximity for a variety of reasons, such as protection, commerce, religion, education, recreation, etc. Approximately 80% of Americans live in an urban area A METROPOLIS is a core city with suburbs or satellite communities that have physically become one sprawling, metropolitan, urban center Cities
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It is believed that people do not need a reason to live together because they are social creatures and have a strong desire to associate with others Every recorded civilization has had cities In order for cities to grow, large numbers of people must be freed from agriculture The size of early cities was limited by transportation FEUDALISM A. Historical Basis
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II. Location of Cities
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Most cities were developed to meet the necessities of life and began in areas with fresh water, good drainage, and were relatively close to productive farmland Most large cities are located in coastal areas or on inland waterways A. Meeting Necessities of Life
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Locations of early cities were often defensive B. Defense
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Commerce routes have always been logical sites for cities, especially where two routes intersect Cities established on commerce routes were trade centers for sales and services requiring: Inns Warehouses Blacksmiths C. Commerce and Transportation
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Large natural harbors became natural sites for cities, since ships could be provisioned, unloaded, and loaded in relative safety Approximately ½ of the population of the United States now lives within 50 miles of an ocean or large lake D. Harbors
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Early mining and lumber cities were the basis for the establishment of many cities Even after mines were unproductive or forests were cleared, these towns continued with a change in the economic base E. Mining and Lumber
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When a large industry locates outside of a metropolitan area, it acts as a catalyst for growth COMPANY TOWNS are towns in which all or almost all of the real estate is owned or controlled by a single company F. Industry
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Religion was instrumental in the formation of many cities In California, the missions were established where there were the greatest concentration of Indians Salt Lake City, Utah was established by a group of Mormons Roger Williams founded Providence, Rhode Island so he could practice religious intolerance G. Religion
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Recreational cities were developed because of sports and/or climate Vail, Colorado Mammoth, California Palm Springs, California Palm Beach, Florida H. Recreation
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With the end of World War II, more retirees began relocating to warmer climates The SUN BELT is generally considered to cover states in the South and West, ranging from Florida and Georgia, through the Gulf States and into California Most retirement communities have been established in areas with mild winter temperatures I. Retirement
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In areas of good soil and water, there was a need for agricultural cities to serve the farms J. Agriculture
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Many cities were the result of promoters who simply took an area of land, subdivided it into lots and called it a city Lake Havasu City, Arizona California City, California Pahrump, Nevada K. Promoters
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Some cities were established by political decree Brasilia, Brazil Washington D.C., United States L. Political Decree
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III. Growth of Modern Cities
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Between 1760 and 1830 a number of innovations increased production of agricultural products which allowed workers to become free from the land These factors included: New crop rotation system Seed drill Introduction of heavy manufacturing Planting of potatoes Introduction of corn A. Agricultural Revolution
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The Industrial Revolution, with the steam engine, industrial machines and the railroad, led to rapid growth of our cities during the 19 th century By 1900, 1/3 of our population still resided on farms, today it is less than 2% of the population B. Industrial Revolution
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Greater access to land away from larger cities was afforded by transportation improvements Automobiles, roads, and railways allowed people to travel longer distances to work and purchase or market goods C. Transportation Improvements
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Planning is playing an increasingly important role in the growth of our modern cities Many cities over the centuries have been planned out: Rome Philadelphia London Washington D.C. D. Planning
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IV. Growth Patterns of Cities
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Johann Heinrich Von Thunen first developed the theory of concentric circle growth in 1826 In 1925, Ernest W. Burgess expanded upon this idea using Chicago as a model A. Concentric Circle Theory
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F.M. Babcock developed the axial theory in 1932 He believed that cities developed along axis routes to their center based on the time/cost relationship of transport B. Axial Theory of Growth
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In 1939, Homer Hoyt developed the sector theory of growth He believed that spatial relationships were not the only determinant of city growth and that other factors like a prestigious location, social kinship, and affinity played a role in growth C. Sector Theory of Growth
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Multiple Nuclei theory is the development of cities from separate, independent points Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman proposed the idea that cities grow from a number of separate nuclei which are individual cores This theory appears valid for the greater Los Angeles area with its many centers of activity D. Multiple Nuclei Theory of Growth
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Many small towns developed along a highway The economy of these small town is dependent on major travel along the highway and primarily have motels, restaurants, and service stations E. Strip Developments
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Small developments around exits of interstate highways are called CLUSTER DEVELOPMENTS F. Cluster Developments
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A growth pattern advocated by many urban planners is to have “fingers” of development radiate from a central city Between the fingers would be green space such as parks or agriculture G. Finger Development
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Changing growth development patterns can change the outcome of growth in an area For example: if a new school site is planned, it will attract more residential construction to that area H. Change in Growth Patterns
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V. How Cities Continue to Grow
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PERIPHERAL GROWTH is accomplished by extending the boundaries of the city ANNEXING is the legal process, through a vote, by which an area becomes incorporated into a city A. Peripheral Growth
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As cities have become more populated, buildings have grown taller and grown upward The modern elevator developed by Elisha Otis in 1853, coupled with structural steel construction, made possible the skyscrapers of today B. Up Growth
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After a city has reached peak development, the development of remaining small lots is referred to as FILL-IN-PROJECTS or infill C. Filling In
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As land becomes more valuable, it becomes feasible to use the space over other uses In Chicago, the Merchandise Mart is built partially over the railroad tracks and the post office is built over a highway D. Air Space
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Cities do not expand in an orderly pattern of development, block by block. They leap frog each other. LEAPFROGGING is directional development in an inconsistent pattern, where there are many vacant, underdeveloped parcels between developed parcels. E. Leap Frog Development
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About 1/3 of urban land is publicly owned including streets and alleys, land used for parks, schools, civic areas, and cultural purposes F. Public Use
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The population migrates both to and from cities Older workers are less likely to voluntarily relocate for work, as opposed to younger workers who will The back-to-the-city movement is known as GENTRIFICATION Retirees tend to move away from the cities, as do families with children G. City Population Migration
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Large developments or industries located outside a city will often become the nucleus of a new city New cities tend to be developed with relatively close proximity to major metropolitan areas H. New Cities
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A MEGALOPOLIS is a combination or series of cities that have joined together to form an extremely large urban area It is believed by some planning experts that within a few more years, the entire California area from Ventura to the Mexican border will be one huge megalopolis I. Megalopolis
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NEIGHBORHOODS are areas of social conformity They are areas where property is in similar use and residents have similar values Neighborhoods with a high percentage of owner- occupied homes tend to be well maintained and relatively stable GRESHAM’S LAW The PRINCIPLE OF CONFORMITY states that maximum value is obtained when a property is in an area of similar properties J. Neighborhoods
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Cities require export industries to bring in money from outside Money flows out of the city for imported goods and services as well as for investments Non-retirement cities that fail to bring in money to match outgoing funds have an imbalance of trade K. Cities as Economic Models
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LOCATION refers to the relationship between property and other amenities or uses. Urban property values are based on location. Uses within a city are going to be determined by economics. The use that needs or wants a site the most will bring in the highest bid for that site. Employers requiring a skilled work force will usually want to locate close to that work force. L. Economics of Use
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Location of Cities Growth of Modern Cities Growth Patterns of Cities ◦ Concentric ◦ Axial ◦ Sector ◦ Multiple nuclei ◦ Strip developments ◦ Cluster developments ◦ Finger development How Cities Continue to Grow ◦ Peripheral Growth ◦ Up Growth ◦ Filling In ◦ Air Space ◦ Leap Frog ◦ Public Use ◦ City Population Migration ◦ New Cities ◦ Megalopolis ◦ Neighborhoods ◦ Cities as Economic Models ◦ Economics of Use Chapter Summary
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