1. Chapter 4 Cities: Their Origins and Growth

2. I. Cities

3.  The Latin word for city is “civitas” –city dwellers were considered civilized  CITIES are simply concentrations of people who live in close proximity for a variety of reasons, such as protection, commerce, religion, education, recreation, etc.  Approximately 80% of Americans live in an urban area  A METROPOLIS is a core city with suburbs or satellite communities that have physically become one sprawling, metropolitan, urban center Cities

4.  It is believed that people do not need a reason to live together because they are social creatures and have a strong desire to associate with others  Every recorded civilization has had cities  In order for cities to grow, large numbers of people must be freed from agriculture  The size of early cities was limited by transportation  FEUDALISM A. Historical Basis

5. II. Location of Cities

6.  Most cities were developed to meet the necessities of life and began in areas with fresh water, good drainage, and were relatively close to productive farmland  Most large cities are located in coastal areas or on inland waterways A. Meeting Necessities of Life

7.  Locations of early cities were often defensive B. Defense

8.  Commerce routes have always been logical sites for cities, especially where two routes intersect  Cities established on commerce routes were trade centers for sales and services requiring:  Inns  Warehouses  Blacksmiths C. Commerce and Transportation

9.  Large natural harbors became natural sites for cities, since ships could be provisioned, unloaded, and loaded in relative safety  Approximately ½ of the population of the United States now lives within 50 miles of an ocean or large lake D. Harbors

10.  Early mining and lumber cities were the basis for the establishment of many cities  Even after mines were unproductive or forests were cleared, these towns continued with a change in the economic base E. Mining and Lumber

11.  When a large industry locates outside of a metropolitan area, it acts as a catalyst for growth  COMPANY TOWNS are towns in which all or almost all of the real estate is owned or controlled by a single company F. Industry

12.  Religion was instrumental in the formation of many cities  In California, the missions were established where there were the greatest concentration of Indians  Salt Lake City, Utah was established by a group of Mormons  Roger Williams founded Providence, Rhode Island so he could practice religious intolerance G. Religion

13.  Recreational cities were developed because of sports and/or climate  Vail, Colorado  Mammoth, California  Palm Springs, California  Palm Beach, Florida H. Recreation

14.  With the end of World War II, more retirees began relocating to warmer climates  The SUN BELT is generally considered to cover states in the South and West, ranging from Florida and Georgia, through the Gulf States and into California  Most retirement communities have been established in areas with mild winter temperatures I. Retirement

15.  In areas of good soil and water, there was a need for agricultural cities to serve the farms J. Agriculture

16.  Many cities were the result of promoters who simply took an area of land, subdivided it into lots and called it a city Lake Havasu City, Arizona California City, California Pahrump, Nevada K. Promoters

17.  Some cities were established by political decree Brasilia, Brazil Washington D.C., United States L. Political Decree

18. III. Growth of Modern Cities

19.  Between 1760 and 1830 a number of innovations increased production of agricultural products which allowed workers to become free from the land  These factors included: New crop rotation system Seed drill Introduction of heavy manufacturing Planting of potatoes Introduction of corn A. Agricultural Revolution

20.  The Industrial Revolution, with the steam engine, industrial machines and the railroad, led to rapid growth of our cities during the 19 th century  By 1900, 1/3 of our population still resided on farms, today it is less than 2% of the population B. Industrial Revolution

21.  Greater access to land away from larger cities was afforded by transportation improvements  Automobiles, roads, and railways allowed people to travel longer distances to work and purchase or market goods C. Transportation Improvements

22.  Planning is playing an increasingly important role in the growth of our modern cities  Many cities over the centuries have been planned out:  Rome  Philadelphia  London  Washington D.C. D. Planning

23. IV. Growth Patterns of Cities

24.  Johann Heinrich Von Thunen first developed the theory of concentric circle growth in 1826  In 1925, Ernest W. Burgess expanded upon this idea using Chicago as a model A. Concentric Circle Theory

25.  F.M. Babcock developed the axial theory in 1932  He believed that cities developed along axis routes to their center based on the time/cost relationship of transport B. Axial Theory of Growth

26.  In 1939, Homer Hoyt developed the sector theory of growth  He believed that spatial relationships were not the only determinant of city growth and that other factors like a prestigious location, social kinship, and affinity played a role in growth C. Sector Theory of Growth

27.  Multiple Nuclei theory is the development of cities from separate, independent points  Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman proposed the idea that cities grow from a number of separate nuclei which are individual cores  This theory appears valid for the greater Los Angeles area with its many centers of activity D. Multiple Nuclei Theory of Growth

28.  Many small towns developed along a highway  The economy of these small town is dependent on major travel along the highway and primarily have motels, restaurants, and service stations E. Strip Developments

29.  Small developments around exits of interstate highways are called CLUSTER DEVELOPMENTS F. Cluster Developments

30.  A growth pattern advocated by many urban planners is to have “fingers” of development radiate from a central city  Between the fingers would be green space such as parks or agriculture G. Finger Development

31.  Changing growth development patterns can change the outcome of growth in an area  For example: if a new school site is planned, it will attract more residential construction to that area H. Change in Growth Patterns

32. V. How Cities Continue to Grow

33.  PERIPHERAL GROWTH is accomplished by extending the boundaries of the city  ANNEXING is the legal process, through a vote, by which an area becomes incorporated into a city A. Peripheral Growth

34.  As cities have become more populated, buildings have grown taller and grown upward  The modern elevator developed by Elisha Otis in 1853, coupled with structural steel construction, made possible the skyscrapers of today B. Up Growth

35.  After a city has reached peak development, the development of remaining small lots is referred to as FILL-IN-PROJECTS or infill C. Filling In

36.  As land becomes more valuable, it becomes feasible to use the space over other uses  In Chicago, the Merchandise Mart is built partially over the railroad tracks and the post office is built over a highway D. Air Space

37.  Cities do not expand in an orderly pattern of development, block by block. They leap frog each other.  LEAPFROGGING is directional development in an inconsistent pattern, where there are many vacant, underdeveloped parcels between developed parcels. E. Leap Frog Development

38.  About 1/3 of urban land is publicly owned including streets and alleys, land used for parks, schools, civic areas, and cultural purposes F. Public Use

39.  The population migrates both to and from cities  Older workers are less likely to voluntarily relocate for work, as opposed to younger workers who will  The back-to-the-city movement is known as GENTRIFICATION  Retirees tend to move away from the cities, as do families with children G. City Population Migration

40.  Large developments or industries located outside a city will often become the nucleus of a new city  New cities tend to be developed with relatively close proximity to major metropolitan areas H. New Cities

41.  A MEGALOPOLIS is a combination or series of cities that have joined together to form an extremely large urban area  It is believed by some planning experts that within a few more years, the entire California area from Ventura to the Mexican border will be one huge megalopolis I. Megalopolis

42.  NEIGHBORHOODS are areas of social conformity  They are areas where property is in similar use and residents have similar values  Neighborhoods with a high percentage of owner- occupied homes tend to be well maintained and relatively stable  GRESHAM’S LAW  The PRINCIPLE OF CONFORMITY states that maximum value is obtained when a property is in an area of similar properties J. Neighborhoods

43.  Cities require export industries to bring in money from outside  Money flows out of the city for imported goods and services as well as for investments  Non-retirement cities that fail to bring in money to match outgoing funds have an imbalance of trade K. Cities as Economic Models

44.  LOCATION refers to the relationship between property and other amenities or uses.  Urban property values are based on location.  Uses within a city are going to be determined by economics. The use that needs or wants a site the most will bring in the highest bid for that site.  Employers requiring a skilled work force will usually want to locate close to that work force. L. Economics of Use

45.  Location of Cities  Growth of Modern Cities  Growth Patterns of Cities ◦ Concentric ◦ Axial ◦ Sector ◦ Multiple nuclei ◦ Strip developments ◦ Cluster developments ◦ Finger development  How Cities Continue to Grow ◦ Peripheral Growth ◦ Up Growth ◦ Filling In ◦ Air Space ◦ Leap Frog ◦ Public Use ◦ City Population Migration ◦ New Cities ◦ Megalopolis ◦ Neighborhoods ◦ Cities as Economic Models ◦ Economics of Use Chapter Summary