1. Unit 9 WWI World History Mrs. Bell

2. Seeds of War Four main “causes” for World War I: Four main “causes” for World War I: 1) increase in nationalism in Europe 1) increase in nationalism in Europe 2) increase in militarism in Europe 2) increase in militarism in Europe 3) entangling alliances among Europe’s countries. 3) entangling alliances among Europe’s countries. 4) Imperialism 4) Imperialism

3. Nationalism Nationalism – an increase in people unifying their respective culture into one country: Italy, Germany, France, Austria – Hungary, etc. All of these countries have sharp increases in pride AND patriotism, often forgetting that they are PART of a Europe with several other countries….often associated with the feeling that you are number one! Nationalism – an increase in people unifying their respective culture into one country: Italy, Germany, France, Austria – Hungary, etc. All of these countries have sharp increases in pride AND patriotism, often forgetting that they are PART of a Europe with several other countries….often associated with the feeling that you are number one!

4. Nationalism Austria – Hungary – most specific example of nationalistic problems Austria – Hungary – most specific example of nationalistic problems Problems exist with Austria’s Slavic population (an ethnic group mostly in Hungary that is different from mainstream Austrians) Problems exist with Austria’s Slavic population (an ethnic group mostly in Hungary that is different from mainstream Austrians) Slavs believed they should have own empire, be apart from Austria Slavs believed they should have own empire, be apart from Austria

5. Nationalism They supported the idea that a new country known as Yugoslavia should be formed; Serbia (a neighboring country) supports Slavs in Austria – Hungary forming Yugoslavia They supported the idea that a new country known as Yugoslavia should be formed; Serbia (a neighboring country) supports Slavs in Austria – Hungary forming Yugoslavia A-H adds Slavic territories (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Serbia gets upset, and calls on Russia (chief ally) for support A-H adds Slavic territories (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Serbia gets upset, and calls on Russia (chief ally) for support

6. Nationalism Balkan Wars – 1912…Serbia is upset after the 1st Balkan War because it did not get a major sea outlet from Albania that it had desired. 1913….Serbia tries again in the 2nd Balkan War for the same sea outlet in Albania and is frustrated because Russia doesn’t come to aid. Balkan Wars – 1912…Serbia is upset after the 1st Balkan War because it did not get a major sea outlet from Albania that it had desired. 1913….Serbia tries again in the 2nd Balkan War for the same sea outlet in Albania and is frustrated because Russia doesn’t come to aid.

7. Militarism Militarism – Europe’s nations assess each other’s military, levels of military spending, troop readiness….the goal was to show off how many weapons/troops you had and glorify the military in your country. Militarism – Europe’s nations assess each other’s military, levels of military spending, troop readiness….the goal was to show off how many weapons/troops you had and glorify the military in your country. Adoption of conscription (draft) – compulsory call-up of civilians for military service shows this dedication to the military Adoption of conscription (draft) – compulsory call-up of civilians for military service shows this dedication to the military Each nation’s military action causes an equal reaction by another country…It becomes a rat race to see who can get most guns, troops, etc., with most countries simply acting out of fear. Each nation’s military action causes an equal reaction by another country…It becomes a rat race to see who can get most guns, troops, etc., with most countries simply acting out of fear.

8. Alliances Alliances – In the late 1800’s, the alliance system between European countries got complicated. Land disputes (Italy, France), foreign relations problems (Italy, the pope; Germany, France), and political differences cause massive alliance systems to develop. Alliances – In the late 1800’s, the alliance system between European countries got complicated. Land disputes (Italy, France), foreign relations problems (Italy, the pope; Germany, France), and political differences cause massive alliance systems to develop. Triple Alliance – Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire Triple Alliance – Italy, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire Triple Entente (mutual understanding) – Russia(Serbia), France, Great Britain Triple Entente (mutual understanding) – Russia(Serbia), France, Great Britain

9. Imperialism A policy in which one country seeks to extend its authority by conquering other countries or by establishing economic and political dominance. A policy in which one country seeks to extend its authority by conquering other countries or by establishing economic and political dominance. Colony Colony Protectorate Protectorate Sphere of influence Sphere of influence Economic Imperalism Economic Imperalism

10. The Spark Most Europeans didn’t think a war would actually occur between all of the countries. Sure, every country was militarizing, but there hadn’t been a war in so long that no one feared the peace being interrupted by conflict. Most Europeans didn’t think a war would actually occur between all of the countries. Sure, every country was militarizing, but there hadn’t been a war in so long that no one feared the peace being interrupted by conflict. The assassination of the heir to the throne of Austria – Hungary changes that feeling… The assassination of the heir to the throne of Austria – Hungary changes that feeling…

11. The Spark Riding through the streets of Sarajevo, the archduke of Austria – Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, and his wife, were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year- old member of a nationalist Serbian group known as the Black Hand. Riding through the streets of Sarajevo, the archduke of Austria – Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, and his wife, were assassinated by Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year- old member of a nationalist Serbian group known as the Black Hand.

12. The Spark Austria – Hungary gives Serbia 48 hours to explain itself; Austria-Hungary doesn’t like the response and declares war on Serbia. Austria – Hungary gives Serbia 48 hours to explain itself; Austria-Hungary doesn’t like the response and declares war on Serbia. Alliances come into effect – Russia supports Serbia, declares war against Austria – Hungary, France/Great Britain side with Russia Alliances come into effect – Russia supports Serbia, declares war against Austria – Hungary, France/Great Britain side with Russia Germany declares war on Russia and France Germany declares war on Russia and France The idea of war was widely supported by people in Europe, whether it was because of patriotic enthusiasm, defending your country’s honor, or upholding the glory of your country (France, Russia, Germany, etc). The idea of war was widely supported by people in Europe, whether it was because of patriotic enthusiasm, defending your country’s honor, or upholding the glory of your country (France, Russia, Germany, etc).

13. The War By August 1914, the major powers had chosen sides…. By August 1914, the major powers had chosen sides…. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Central Powers) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (Central Powers) Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium (Allied Powers) Great Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium (Allied Powers) The widespread feeling was that the war would be over by Christmas, 1914, a short war with limited casualties….how wrong they were! The widespread feeling was that the war would be over by Christmas, 1914, a short war with limited casualties….how wrong they were!

14. The War Schlieffen Plan – Germany’s initial military strategy towards the war, named after a German General Schlieffen Plan – Germany’s initial military strategy towards the war, named after a German General Germany invaded Belgium on August 3rd, 1914 Germany invaded Belgium on August 3rd, 1914 Germany’s main problem was that it had enemies on both the East and West (Russia and France) Germany’s main problem was that it had enemies on both the East and West (Russia and France) Germany believed that Russia would be slow to mobilize their troops, so the thought was to attack France, reach Paris in six weeks, and then move to the Eastern front to fight Russia Germany believed that Russia would be slow to mobilize their troops, so the thought was to attack France, reach Paris in six weeks, and then move to the Eastern front to fight Russia

15. The War Germany encountered problems immediately: Germany encountered problems immediately: 1) troops have to go through heavily fortified area of Belgium, which slows them down; 1) troops have to go through heavily fortified area of Belgium, which slows them down; 2) resistance was much stronger than expected; and 2) resistance was much stronger than expected; and 3) the Russian army mobilized much quicker than expected! 3) the Russian army mobilized much quicker than expected!

16. The War Battle of the Marne – September 5th, 1914 Battle of the Marne – September 5th, 1914 French and German troops collide in Northeast France French and German troops collide in Northeast France Germans are eventually pushed back although they do get to within fifty miles of Paris Germans are eventually pushed back although they do get to within fifty miles of Paris Saves Paris from Germans, boosts French morale Saves Paris from Germans, boosts French morale

17. The War By November 1914, the war reaches a stalemate – neither side advancing on the other By November 1914, the war reaches a stalemate – neither side advancing on the other To raise morale, newspapers gave big headlines to small victories and also used propaganda (ideas and rumors to gain support for the cause) to portray the enemy as beastly and barbaric To raise morale, newspapers gave big headlines to small victories and also used propaganda (ideas and rumors to gain support for the cause) to portray the enemy as beastly and barbaric

18. The War New type of warfare developed – trench warfare New type of warfare developed – trench warfare War of attrition (wear down the other side by constant attacks), trenches were dug for protection War of attrition (wear down the other side by constant attacks), trenches were dug for protection Land mines, barbed wire protect each trench Land mines, barbed wire protect each trench Desolate area between each trench known as “no – man’s land” – from between a few yards to a half mile in distance Desolate area between each trench known as “no – man’s land” – from between a few yards to a half mile in distance

19. Technology New technology New technology Machine gun – several hundred rounds a minute Machine gun – several hundred rounds a minute Heavy artillery Heavy artillery Barbed wire Barbed wire Submarines (naval warfare) – German “Untersee boot”…U-boat Submarines (naval warfare) – German “Untersee boot”…U-boat

20. Technology Poison Gas Poison Gas Introduced by the Germans Introduced by the Germans Mustard, Tear, Chlorine Gas Mustard, Tear, Chlorine Gas Release cylinders to other trenches, wind blows to enemy troops, has the ability to blind, choke, vomit, torn lungs, death Release cylinders to other trenches, wind blows to enemy troops, has the ability to blind, choke, vomit, torn lungs, death Tanks – clumsy, could be easily destroyed Tanks – clumsy, could be easily destroyed

21. The War Battle of Verdun and Battle of the Somme Battle of Verdun and Battle of the Somme February of 1916 – Germans finally make a move to end stalemate with a surprise attack against French forces at Verdun (a massive French fortress). February of 1916 – Germans finally make a move to end stalemate with a surprise attack against French forces at Verdun (a massive French fortress). French turn the Germans back after six constant months of fighting French turn the Germans back after six constant months of fighting Bloody battle, 500,000 casualties on each side Bloody battle, 500,000 casualties on each side

22. The War British/French launch offensive against Germany in Somme River Valley British/French launch offensive against Germany in Somme River Valley Nearly 1,100,000 die when the casualties on both sides are combined Nearly 1,100,000 die when the casualties on both sides are combined

23. The War U.S. Entry in the war U.S. Entry in the war Sinking of the Lusitania in 1915 – German U- boat torpedoed the British passenger liner Lusitania, 128 Americans die Sinking of the Lusitania in 1915 – German U- boat torpedoed the British passenger liner Lusitania, 128 Americans die America is infuriated, but not enough to declare war America is infuriated, but not enough to declare war America sees WWI as Europe’s conflict, and therefore should remain neutral and stay out of it! America sees WWI as Europe’s conflict, and therefore should remain neutral and stay out of it!

24. The War Germany gets even more aggressive with U- boats and decides it will sink any ship to Great Britain Germany gets even more aggressive with U- boats and decides it will sink any ship to Great Britain Zimmerman telegram Zimmerman telegram American newspapers print an intercepted telegram from German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to Germany’s ambassador in Mexico. American newspapers print an intercepted telegram from German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to Germany’s ambassador in Mexico. Telegram states that if Mexico will help Germany fight, Germany will help Mexico regain New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona Telegram states that if Mexico will help Germany fight, Germany will help Mexico regain New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona

25. The War U.S. enters the war on Allied side, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson says the war will “make the world safe for democracy” U.S. enters the war on Allied side, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson says the war will “make the world safe for democracy”

26. Peace American intervention boosted Allied morale and gave the Allies much needed resources. American intervention boosted Allied morale and gave the Allies much needed resources. Convoy system of guarding Allied ships from German U-boats was very successful. Merchant ships crossed the Atlantic in clusters surrounded by warships for protection. Convoy system of guarding Allied ships from German U-boats was very successful. Merchant ships crossed the Atlantic in clusters surrounded by warships for protection.

27. Peace By 1917, the demands of a large-scale mechanized war required the efficient use of human and natural resources. Governments therefore carried out the principle of total war, directing all people and resources to the war effort. By 1917, the demands of a large-scale mechanized war required the efficient use of human and natural resources. Governments therefore carried out the principle of total war, directing all people and resources to the war effort. Women also played an important role, taking the place of men in factories, being nurses in the military, secretaries, & etc. Women also played an important role, taking the place of men in factories, being nurses in the military, secretaries, & etc.

28. Peace In July 1918, an Allied breakthrough on the Western front finally came. In July 1918, an Allied breakthrough on the Western front finally came. Under the unified command of French general Ferdinand Foch, Allied forces stopped a huge German offensive that had moved them back within 40 miles of Paris. Under the unified command of French general Ferdinand Foch, Allied forces stopped a huge German offensive that had moved them back within 40 miles of Paris. Allies then counterattacked and pushed the German troops back to the border of Germany. Eventually, other Central powers are defeated, and Germany admits defeat. World War I was over. Allies then counterattacked and pushed the German troops back to the border of Germany. Eventually, other Central powers are defeated, and Germany admits defeat. World War I was over.

29. Effects Effects of the War: Effects of the War: War shattered Europe’s aristocratic order and increased political and social instability War shattered Europe’s aristocratic order and increased political and social instability Boundaries had to be redrawn Boundaries had to be redrawn Between 9 & 10 million soldiers died Between 9 & 10 million soldiers died Mass deaths and killings of civilians had occurred Mass deaths and killings of civilians had occurred

30. Post War Attempts at restoring the peace: Attempts at restoring the peace: Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points – a peace plan that included, among other things, international recognition of freedom of the seas and of trade, limitations on arms, and an end to all secret alliances. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points – a peace plan that included, among other things, international recognition of freedom of the seas and of trade, limitations on arms, and an end to all secret alliances.

31. Post War Britain and France have problems with Wilson’s plan Britain and France have problems with Wilson’s plan Britain wants control of the seas Britain wants control of the seas France wants somebody to pay for the war (reparations) France wants somebody to pay for the war (reparations) Wilson’s plan doesn’t pass, too many different opinions doom the proposition Wilson’s plan doesn’t pass, too many different opinions doom the proposition

32. Treaty Treaty of Versailles: Treaty of Versailles: spelled out the details of the Allied settlement with Germany. spelled out the details of the Allied settlement with Germany. The goal was to punish Germany. The final draft: The goal was to punish Germany. The final draft:

33. Treaty of Versailles Reduced the Germany army; Reduced the Germany army; Banned conscription and the manufacture of weapons of war; Banned conscription and the manufacture of weapons of war; Reduced Germany in size, lands seized by other countries Reduced Germany in size, lands seized by other countries

34. Treaty Stripped Germany of all overseas colonies (Allies received the colonies as mandates) Stripped Germany of all overseas colonies (Allies received the colonies as mandates) Great Britain/France – African colonies of Germany Great Britain/France – African colonies of Germany Australia/New Zealand – German Pacific Islands south of Equator Australia/New Zealand – German Pacific Islands south of Equator Japan - German Pacific Islands north of Equator Japan - German Pacific Islands north of Equator

35. Treaty Allies also wanted Germany to pay financially – Germany must accept blame for causing the war and pay reparations for Allied war costs and damages Allies also wanted Germany to pay financially – Germany must accept blame for causing the war and pay reparations for Allied war costs and damages

36. Treaty Germany is embarrassed by their participation in World War I. Germany is embarrassed by their participation in World War I. Germany’s weakened state and the destruction of its economy leads to resentment against Europe. Germany’s weakened state and the destruction of its economy leads to resentment against Europe. That resentment helps a young Austrian named Adolf Hitler come to leadership in the Nazi Party in Germany, eventually take control of the country, and precipitate WWII. That resentment helps a young Austrian named Adolf Hitler come to leadership in the Nazi Party in Germany, eventually take control of the country, and precipitate WWII.